钢水; 钢铁制品(【技】钢：以铁元素为主要组分，含碳量一般在2%以下并含有少量其他元素的铁碳合金。钢中除主要组分铁以外，通常尚含有一定量的 C、 Si、 Mn、 P 和 S 元素的钢为碳素钢；为改善钢的某一或某些性能而加人一定量合金元素的钢为合金钢。钢按主要质量等级可分为普通质量、优质和特殊质量三级；也可按主要性能及使用特性分类。钢主要采用转炉、电炉、炉外精炼、连铸、轧制、精整等生产工艺生产，通过不同的热处理得到所要求的力学性能、工艺制造性能、化学性能和物理性能。钢是产量最高，品种规格最多、应用范围最广的金属材料，广泛用于机械制造、交通运输、建筑施工、能源开发、石油化工、国防工业等诸多领域。 • Before the Industrial Revolution, steel was an expensive material, produced in only small quantities for such articles as swords and springs, while structural components were made of cast iron or wrought iron. 工业革命前，钢是一种价格不菲的材料，只能少量生产供制造刀剑和弹簧等制品使用，而结构部件则用铸铁或熟铁制造。)
steel Any of various alloys based on iron containing carbon (usually 0.1-0.7 per cent) and often small quantities of other elements such as phosphorus, sulphur, manganese, chromium, and nickel. Steels exhibit a variety of properties, such as strength, machinability, malleability, etc., depending on their composition and the way they have been treated[sti:l]n
