| Subject | Turkish | English |
| environ. | alkali toprak | alkali soil Soil that contains sufficient exchangeable sodium to interfere with water penetration and crop growth, either with or without appreciable quantities of soluble salts |
| agric. | azaltılmış toprak işleme | reduced tillage (Natalya Rovina) |
| agric. | geleneksel toprak işleme | conventional tillage (Natalya Rovina) |
| environ. | kirlenmiş toprak | contaminated soil Soil which because of its previous or current use has substances under, on or in it which, depending upon their concentration and/or quantity, may represent a direct potential or indirect hazard to man or to the environment |
| agric. | koruyucu toprak işleme | conservation tillage (Natalya Rovina) |
| environ. | kurak toprak | arid land Lands characterized by low annual rainfall of less than 250 mm, by evaporation exceeding precipitation and a sparse vegetation |
| environ. | kurak toprak ekosistemi | arid land ecosystem The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings in a climatic region where the annual precipitation averages less than 10 inches per year |
| forestr. | olgun toprak | mature soil (Natalya Rovina) |
| environ. | toprak altı | subsoil Soil underlying surface soil, devoid of plant roots |
| environ. | toprak analizi | soil analysis The use of rapid chemical analyses to determine the fertility status of a soil. It is used to identify those nutrients or substances that are present in either insufficient or excessive quantities for optimum plant growth. Analyses are also used to monitor increases or decreases in soil fertility over time |
| environ. | toprak aracılığıyla arıtma | purification through the soil The act or process in which a section of the ground is freed from pollution or any type of contamination, often through natural processes |
| environ. | toprak asidifikasyonu | soil acidification A naturally occurring process in humid climates that has long been the subject of research, whose findings suggest acid precipitation effects. The generally accepted impact of soil acidification on the productivity of terrestrial plants is summarised as follows: as soil becomes more acidic the basic cations (Ca, Mg) on the soil exchange are replaced by hydrogen ions or solubilized metals. The basic cation, now in solution, can be leached through the soil. As time progresses the soil becomes less fertile and more acidic. Resultant decreases in soil pH cause reduced, less-active population of soil microorganisms, which in turn slow decomposition of plant residues and cycling of essential plant nutrients |
| environ. | toprak bilimi | soil science The study of the properties, occurrence, and management of soil as a natural resource. Generally it includes the chemistry, microbiology, physics, morphology, and mineralogy of soils, as well as their genesis and classification |
| environ. | toprak biyolojisi | soil biology The study of the living organisms, mainly microorganisms and microinvertebrates which live within the soil, and which are largely responsible for the decomposition processes vital to soil fertility |
| environ. | toprak dokusu | soil texture 1. Refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups (sand, silt and clay) of the individual soil grains in a mass of soil. 2. Classification of soil by the proportion and graduations of the three size groups of soil grains, i.e., sand, silt and clay, present in the soil |
| environ. | toprak ekolojisi | land ecology Study of the relationship between terrestrial organisms and their environment |
| environ. | toprak erozyonu | soil erosion Detachment and movement of topsoil or soil material from the upper part of the profile, by the action of wind or running water, especially as a result of changes brought about by human activity, such as unsuitable or mismanaged agriculture |
| agric. | toprak frezesi | rototiller (Natalya Rovina) |
| environ. | toprak haritası | soil map A two-dimensional representation that shows the areal extent or the distribution of soils in relation to other features of the land surface |
| environ. | toprak havası | soil air The air and other gases in spaces in the soil; specifically that which is found within the zone of aeration. Also known as soil atmosphere |
| environ. | toprak içine su sızması | water infiltration into the ground The movement of surface water into soil or rock through cracks and pores |
| environ. | toprak işleme | working the soil Ploughing the soil for agricultural purposes |
| agric. | toprak işlemesiz tarım | no tillage (Natalya Rovina) |
| environ. | toprak işlevi | soil function The main soil function is participation in the material transformation and migrating processes occurring in the natural environment on which the functioning of ecosystems depends. The most active participants in the occurring processes are microorganisms and invertebrates, whose activity, different variety, complex structure, and abundance accurately reflect the soil type and its characteristics: so they are important indicators of ecological stability. The variety of soil organisms determine its self-regulatory and self-cleaning capacity |
| environ. | toprak kalitesi | soil quality All current positive or negative properties with regard to soil utilization and soil functions |
| environ. | toprak kapasitesi | soil capability The suitability of soils for various uses, e.g. sustained production of cultivated crops, pasture plants, etc., depending on depth, texture, kinds of minerals, salinity, kinds of salts, acidity, etc. |
| environ. | toprak kaynakları | soil resource No definition needed |
| environ. | toprak kimyası | soil chemistry The study of the inorganic and organic components of the soil and its life cycles |
| environ. | toprak kirleticileri | soil pollutant Solid, liquid and gaseous substances that detrimentally alter the natural condition of the soil |
| environ. | toprak kirliliği | soil pollution Modifications of soil features or, more generally, of its chemical and biological balance, caused by the discharge of polluting substances |
| environ. | toprak kirliliği | land pollution The presence of one or more contaminants upon or within an area of land, or its constituents |
| environ. | toprak koruma | soil conservation Management of soil to prevent or reduce soil erosion and depletion by wind and water. Preservation of soil against deterioration and loss by using it within its capabilities; application of conservation practices needed for its protection and improvement |
| environ. | toprak koruma mevzuatı | soil conservation legislation A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to protect and prevent the loss of an area's surface layer of decomposed rock and organic material, valued for its nutrients and ability to support life |
| environ. | toprak kullanım rejimi | soil use regime Type of management and utilization of the soil |
| environ. | toprak kullanımı | soil use Functional utilization of soil for agriculture, industry, or residential building purposes |
| environ. | toprak mineralojisi | soil mineralogy Study of the formation, occurrence, properties, composition, and classification of the minerals present in the soil |
| environ. | toprak nem rejimi | soil moisture regime The water regime of the soil is determined by the physical properties and arrangement of the soil particles. The pores in a soil determine its water-retention characteristics. When all the pores are full of water, the soil is said to be saturated |
| environ. | toprak nemi | soil moisture 1. Water stored in soils. 2. One of the most important elements involved in pedological processes and plant growth. There are three basic forms: 1. water adhering in thin films by molecular attraction to the surface of soil particles and not available for plants is termed hygroscopic water. 2. Water forming thicker films and occupying the smaller pore spaces is termed capillary water. Since it is held against the force of gravity it is permanently available for plant growth and it is this type of soil water which contains plant nutrients in solution. 3. Water in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water is termed gravitational water, which is of a transitory nature because it flows away under the influence of gravity. When the excess has drained away the amount of water retained in the soil is termed its field capacity, when some of its pore spaces are still free of water |
| environ. | toprak oluşumu | soil formation The combination of natural processes by which soils are formed. It is also known as pedogenesis. The most important soil-forming factors are parent material, terrain, climate, aspect, vegetation cover, microorganisms in the soil and the age of the land surface. Some pedologists would add to this list the influence of human activities. All the factors exhibit varying degrees of interrelationship and some are more important than others, with climate often being singled out as the most important |
| environ. | toprak organizmaları | soil organism Organisms which live in the soil |
| environ. | toprak profili | soil profile A vertical section of a soil, showing horizons and parent material |
| environ. | toprak prosesi | soil process The major processes in soils are gains, losses, transfers, and transformations of organic matter, soluble salts, carbonates, silicate clay minerals, sesquioxides, and silica. Gains consist normally of additions of organic matter, and of oxygen and water through oxidation and hydration, but in some sites slow continuous additions of new mineral materials take place at the surface or soluble materials are deposited from groundwater. Losses are chiefly of materials dissolved or suspended in water percolating through the profile or running off the surface |
| environ. | toprak stabilizasyonu | soil stabilisation Chemical or mechanical treatment designed to increase or maintain the stability of a soil mass or otherwise to improve its engineering properties, as by increasing its shear strength, reducing its compressibility, or decreasing its tendency to absorb water. Stabilization methods include physical compaction and treatment with cement, lime, and bitumen |
| environ. | toprak suyu | soil water Water stored in soils |
| environ. | toprak sıkıştırma | soil compaction An increase in bulk density (mass per unit volume) and a decrease in soil porosity resulting from applied loads, vibration, or pressure. More compacted soils (or other materials) can support greater loads (load-bearing capacity). Bulk density can be increased by controlling the moisture content, compaction forces and treatment procedures, as well as by manipulating the type of material being compacted |
| environ. | toprak tabakaları | soil layer Distinctive successive layers of soil produced by internal redistribution processes. Conventionally the layers have been divided into A, B and C horizons. The A horizon is the upper layer, containing humus and is leached and/or eluviated of many minerals. The B horizon forms a zone of deposition and is enriched with clay minerals and iron/aluminium oxides from the A layer. The C layer is the parent material for the present soil and may be partially weathered rock, transported glacial or alluvial material or an earlier soil |
| environ. | toprak tipleri | soil type A phase or subdivision of a soil series based primarily on texture of the surface soil to a depth at least equal to plow depth (about 15 cm) |
| environ. | toprak tuzluluğu | soil salinity Measurement of the quantity of mineral salts found in a soil. Many semi-arid and arid areas are naturally salty. By definition they are areas of substantial water deficit where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. Thus, whereas in humid areas there is sufficient water to percolate through the soil and to leach soluble materials from the soil and the rocks into the rivers and hence into the sea, in deserts this is not the case. Salts therefore tend to accumulate |
| environ. | toprak verimliliği | soil fertility The status of a soil with respect to the amount and availability to plants of elements necessary for plant growth |
| environ. | toprak yapısı | soil structure The combination or aggregation of primary soil particles into aggregates or clusters, which are separated from adjoining peds by surfaces of weakness. Soil structure is classified on the basis of size, shape, and distinctness into classes, types, and grades |
| environ. | toprak yapısı | landform Any physical, recognizable form or feature of the Earth's surface, having a characteristic shape and produced by natural causes; it includes major forms such as plane, plateau and mountain, and minor forms such as hill, valley, slope, esker, and dune. Taken together the landforms make up the surface configuration of the Earth's |
| environ. | toprak yüzeyinin kaplanması | soil surface sealing Any activity or process in which ground surface areas are packed or plugged to prevent percolation or the passage of fluids |
| environ. | toprak yıkama | soil leaching The removal of water or any soluble constituents from the soil. Leaching often occurs with soil constituents such as nitrate fertilizers with the result that nitrates end up in potable waters |
| environ. | toprak çökmesi | soil subsidence A sinking down of a part of the earth's crust, generally due to underground excavations |
| environ. | toprak örtüsü | land cover Land cover is the physical state of the land surface. It is the combination of vegetation, soil, rock, water and human-made structures, which make up the earth's landscape. The land cover is the interface between the earth's crust and the atmosphere, influencing the exchange of energy and matter in the climatic system and biogeochemical cycles |
| environ. | toprak ıslahı | soil improvement Process of protecting the soil from excessive erosion and making soil more fertile and productive |