| Subject | English | Japanese |
| gen. | exp a single instance indicates what happens all the time | 一事が万事 |
| gen. | clearly indicate | 明示する |
| gen. | distant indicate water gage | 遠隔指示水位計 |
| gen. | n fishermen's banner hoisted to indicate a rich haul | 大漁旗 |
| gen. | indicate by pointing chin | 顎で使う |
| gen. | indicate by pointing chin | あごで使う |
| gen. | aux-v indicate past completed or action | た だ after certain verb forms |
| gen. | n vs indicate reason | だもの |
| gen. | indicate someone by pointing chin | あごで人を使う |
| gen. | indicate someone by pointing chin | 頤で人を使う |
| gen. | prt indicates a confident conclusion | のん at sentence-end, falling tone |
| gen. | at sentence-end, falling tone indicates a confident conclusion | の spec1 occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之 |
| gen. | suf indicates a person is the n-th generation head of a family | 代当主 |
| obs. | prt indicates a question | や spec1 |
| gen. | prt indicates a question | か spec1 was written as 歟; used at sentence-end (sometimes rhetorical) |
| gen. | indicates a rhetorical question | て spec1 abbr. for と, というのは and other similar combinations |
| gen. | indicates a rhetorical question | って spec1 |
| gen. | suf uk indicates activity only just occurred | 立て |
| gen. | indicates an area traversed | を spec1 |
| obs. | aux-v indicates an extreme has been reached | 果つ |
| gen. | aux-v indicates an extreme has been reached | 果てる news2 nf37 spec2 |
| gen. | indicates an indirect command by expressing annoyance | ってば (in sentence-final position) |
| gen. | indicates an indirect command by expressing annoyance | てば (in sentence-final position) |
| gen. | prt uk indicates approx. amount or maximum | 程 ichi1 news2 nf27 |
| gen. | prt sentence end, mainly masc. indicates assertion | さ spec1 |
| gen. | prt indicates certainty, emphasis, contempt, request, etc. | よ spec1 at sentence-end |
| gen. | prt indicates certainty, emphasis, etc. | にて spec1 にて is the formal literary form |
| gen. | prt indicates certainty, emphasis, etc. | で spec1 |
| gen. | indicates certainty, insistence, etc. | て spec1 abbr. for と, というのは and other similar combinations |
| gen. | indicates certainty, insistence, etc. | って spec1 |
| gen. | prt male indicates command | ぞ spec1 |
| gen. | prt male indicates command | ぜ spec1 |
| obs. | indicates completion | ぬ |
| gen. | suf v5r indicates completion | 揚がる news2 nf39 spec2 |
| gen. | suf v5r indicates completion | 上る io |
| gen. | suf v5r indicates completion | 挙がる news1 nf13 |
| gen. | suf v5r indicates completion | 上がる ichi1 news1 nf13 |
| obs. | indicates completion or continuation of an action | だり as …たり…たり, after the ren'youkei forms of multiple verbs |
| obs. | indicates completion or continuation of an action | たり spec1 |
| gen. | exp adj-i after the ren'youkei form of a verb indicates concession or compromise | て良い |
| gen. | exp adj-i after the ren'youkei form of a verb indicates concession or compromise | ても良い |
| gen. | exp adj-ix after the ren'youkei form of a verb indicates concession or compromise | ていい |
| gen. | exp adj-ix after the ren'youkei form of a verb indicates concession or compromise | てもいい |
| gen. | after -masu base of verb indicates contempt or disdain for another's actions | 居る ichi1 news1 nf19 |
| gen. | indicates continuation from the past to the present | けり |
| gen. | aux indicates continuing action | にて spec1 にて is the formal literary form |
| gen. | aux indicates continuing action | て で after certain verb forms |
| gen. | aux indicates continuing action | で spec1 |
| gen. | indicates contrast with another option | は spec1 pronounced わ in modern Japanese (stated or unstated) |
| gen. | indicates denomination | 建て (after a currency) |
| gen. | fem indicates desire to be pampered or indulged | もん used as a conjunction or at sentence-end, often as 〜ものな, 〜ものね |
| gen. | fem indicates desire to be pampered or indulged | もの spec1 |
| gen. | prt indicates direct object of action | を spec1 |
| gen. | prt indicates direction or goal | へ spec1 pronounced え in modern Japanese (e.g. "to") |
| gen. | uk indicates disappointment for not having done what one wanted or intended to do | 仕舞 |
| gen. | uk indicates disappointment for not having done what one wanted or intended to do | 終い |
| gen. | uk indicates disappointment for not having done what one wanted or intended to do | 了い after a noun |
| gen. | uk indicates disappointment for not having done what one wanted or intended to do | 仕舞い |
| gen. | fem indicates dissatisfaction | もん used as a conjunction or at sentence-end, often as 〜ものな, 〜ものね |
| gen. | fem indicates dissatisfaction | もの spec1 |
| gen. | indicates doubt, uncertainty, etc. | か spec1 was written as 歟; used at sentence-end |
| gen. | prt sentence end, mainly male indicates emotion | わえ |
| gen. | prt sentence end, mainly male indicates emotion | わい |
| gen. | exp usu. sentence end indicates emotion, admiration, emphasis, etc. | たの abbr of ...ていたの |
| obs. | prt indicates emotion, admiration, etc. | かや at sentence-end |
| obs. | exp prt indicates emotion and emphasis | わいのう |
| obs. | exp prt indicates emotion and emphasis | わいな at sentence-end |
| obs. | exp prt indicates emotion and emphasis | わいの |
| gen. | prt fem indicates emotion or admiration | わ spec1 at sentence end |
| gen. | prt sentence end, mainly masc. indicates emotion or emphasis | な spec1 |
| gen. | prt indicates emotional closeness or annoyance with someone | ってば |
| gen. | prt indicates emotional closeness or annoyance with someone | てば |
| gen. | fem indicates emotional emphasis | のん at sentence-end, falling tone |
| gen. | fem at sentence-end indicates emotional emphasis | の spec1 occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之 |
| gen. | prt indicates emphasis | ねん at sentence end |
| gen. | prt at sentence end indicates emphasis | ばい |
| gen. | prt indicates emphasis | やん |
| gen. | indicates emphasis | わ spec1 at sentence end |
| gen. | uk indicates emphasis | 許 |
| gen. | prt indicates emphasis | たい spec1 after the -masu stem of a verb |
| gen. | uk indicates emphasis | 許り spec1 |
| gen. | prt indicates emphasis, agreement, request for confirmation, etc. | ねえ at sentence end |
| gen. | prt indicates emphasis, agreement, request for confirmation, etc. | ね spec1 |
| obs. | prt indicates emphasis, intention, etc. | ぜよ at sentence end |
| gen. | prt typically after someone's name indicates exasperation | ったら spec1 |
| gen. | prt typically after someone's name indicates exasperation | たら spec1 |
| gen. | indicates expertise | 人 ichi1 (in a certain field, にゅう) |
| gen. | indicates hope, wish, request or mild command | 様だ |
| gen. | indicates invitation | よう non-五段 verbs, e.g. 食べよう |
| gen. | indicates invitation | う after the imperfective form of certain verbs and adjectives |
| obs. | prt at sentence end indicates irony and deep emotion | めやも |
| gen. | indicates verb is being directed to | 懸ける (someone) |
| gen. | indicates verb is being directed to | 掛ける ichi1 news1 nf20 (someone, かみる) |
| gen. | indicates light imperative | た だ after certain verb forms |
| gen. | indicates light imperative | だ spec1 plain copula |
| gen. | prt indicates location of action | にて spec1 にて is the formal literary form |
| gen. | prt indicates location of action | で spec1 |
| gen. | indicates means of action | にて spec1 にて is the formal literary form |
| gen. | prt uk indicates means of action | でもって more emphatic than で |
| gen. | indicates means of action | で spec1 |
| obs. | prt at sentence-end indicates mild emphasis | ぞえ |
| obs. | prt at sentence-end indicates mild emphasis | ぜえ |
| obs. | prt at sentence-end indicates mild emphasis | ぞい |
| gen. | suf indicates nationality, race, origin, etc. | 人 ichi1 (にゅう) |
| gen. | indicates negation, inexperience, unnecessariness or impossibility | 無い ichi1 news2 nf45 |
| gen. | indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc. | を spec1 |
| gen. | indicates one side of a comparison | 方 ichi1 news1 nf12 |
| gen. | n indicates pain, swelling, weakness and/or numbness in the neck/shoulder region. Used when specific diagnosis is not known. | 頸肩腕症候群 |
| gen. | aux-v v1 indicates passive voice | られる れる for 五段 verbs, られる for 一段. Follows the imperfective form of (v5) and (vs) verbs (incl. the "suffering passive") |
| gen. | aux-v v1 indicates passive voice | れる (incl. the "suffering passive") |
| gen. | aux-v indicates past or completed action | だ spec1 plain copula |
| gen. | exp indicates patient of a causative expression | をして |
| gen. | indicates patient of a causative expression | して |
| gen. | indicates permission | ても良い |
| gen. | indicates permission | て良い |
| gen. | indicates permission | ていい |
| gen. | indicates permission | てもいい |
| gen. | indicates point of departure or separation of action | を spec1 |
| gen. | ctr indicates position in a sequence | 個目 |
| gen. | ctr indicates position in a sequence | 番目 ichi1 |
| gen. | prt indicates possessive | ケ read as "ka" (esp. in place names) |
| obs. | prt indicates possessive | つ form: ...つ...つ (often found in place names and compound words) |
| gen. | indicates possessive | が spec1 (esp. in literary expressions) |
| gen. | prt indicates possessive | ヶ (esp. in place names) |
| gen. | prt indicates possessive | の spec1 occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之 |
| gen. | exp indicates question | ですか at sentence-end |
| gen. | exp indicates question | でしょうか |
| gen. | exp indicates question | だろうか |
| abbr. | prt indicates question | と spec1 (sentence end) |
| gen. | indicates question | のん at sentence-end, falling tone |
| gen. | at sentence-end, rising tone indicates question | の spec1 occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之 |
| gen. | prt indicates reason or excuse | もん used as a conjunction or at sentence-end, often as 〜ものな, 〜ものね |
| gen. | prt indicates reason or excuse | もの spec1 |
| gen. | aux-v indicates recollection or realization | けり (i.e. of hearsay or the past) |
| gen. | indicates repeated action | ちゃ |
| gen. | indicates repeated action | ちゃあ |
| gen. | indicates repeated action | ては |
| obs. | aux-v fem pol indicates respect for the one performing an action and politeness to the listener | やしゃんす |
| obs. | aux-v fem pol indicates respect for the one performing an action and politeness to the listener | やしゃます after a monosyllable imperfective form verb |
| obs. | aux-v fem pol indicates respect for the one performing an action and politeness to the listener | やさんす |
| gen. | suf v5r uk indicates scorn or disdain for another's action | 腐る ichi1 news2 nf36 |
| gen. | prt indicates sentence subject | が spec1 (occasionally object) |
| manga. | int indicates shock and disappointment | ガビーン onom (not actually said out loud) |
| gen. | exp prt indicates something unexpected occurs | してからが |
| gen. | exp prt indicates something unexpected occurs | にしてからが |
| gen. | aux-v indicates speculation | よう non-五段 verbs, e.g. 食べよう |
| gen. | aux-v indicates speculation | う after the imperfective form of certain verbs and adjectives |
| gen. | indicates spontaneous occurrence | られる れる for 五段 verbs, られる for 一段. Follows the imperfective form of (v5) and (vs) verbs |
| gen. | indicates spontaneous occurrence | れる |
| gen. | suf indicates storeys, structures, or materials used in a building | 建て |
| gen. | indicates subject of causative expression | を spec1 |
| gen. | indicates supposition | って spec1 |
| gen. | indicates supposition | て spec1 abbr. for と, というのは and other similar combinations |
| gen. | conj prt indicates supposition | ったら spec1 |
| gen. | conj prt indicates supposition | たら spec1 |
| gen. | exp uk indicates that one has heard the preceding information from somebody | との事 |
| gen. | after a noun indicates that that noun seems likely | 模様 ichi1 news1 nf03 (e.g. rain or storm, moyō) |
| gen. | indicates the number of horses or oxen drawing a carriage | 立て |
| gen. | indicates the number of items or methods used | 立て |
| gen. | indicates the number of movies, plays, etc. comprising a single program | 立て |
| gen. | indicates the number of oars on a boat | 立て |
| gen. | indicates the potential form | られる れる for 五段 verbs, られる for 一段. Follows the imperfective form of (v5) and (vs) verbs |
| gen. | indicates the potential form | れる |
| gen. | pref indicates the target of an activity | 被 (かぶせ) |
| gen. | indicates time of action | にて spec1 にて is the formal literary form |
| gen. | indicates time of action | で spec1 |
| gen. | indicates time period over which action takes place | を spec1 |
| gen. | conj indicates two contrasting actions | つ form: ...つ...つ |
| gen. | prt indicates uncertainty or second hand nature of information quoted | とやら |
| gen. | indicates will | よう non-五段 verbs, e.g. 食べよう |
| gen. | indicates will | う after the imperfective form of certain verbs and adjectives |
| gen. | prt indicates word or phrase being defined | とは spec1 |
| rel., budd. | n large flat wooden plank shaped like a fish, struck like a gong at temple to indicate time of day | 魚板 |
| slang | mark a stage, movie set, etc. with tape to indicate positions of actors, furniture, equipment, etc. | バミる from 場を見る |
| gen. | n name used to indicate affection, intimacy, informality, etc. | ペット・ネーム |
| gen. | n adj-no name used to indicate affection, intimacy, informality, etc. | 愛称 news1 nf10 |
| gen. | n name used to indicate affection, intimacy, informality, etc. | ペットネーム |
| gen. | prt particle used to indicate that what precedes it is an extreme example and strongly negates it | どころ |
| gen. | prt particle used to indicate the speaker's hope, desire, wish, etc. | がな (e.g. "it would be nice if ...", "I wish there were ...", etc.) |
| gen. | prt particle used to indicate the speaker's hope, desire, wish, etc. | がなあ at sentence-end (e.g. "it would be nice if ...", "I wish there were ...", etc.) |
| gen. | prt particle used to indicate the speaker's hope, desire, wish, etc. | もがな (e.g. "it would be nice if ...", "I wish there were ...", etc.) |
| gen. | conj uk phrase used to indicate the inevitability of what follows it | と言うと (based on what precedes it) |
| gen. | adj-na seeming to indicate there are special circumstances | 仔細ありげ |
| gen. | adj-na seeming to indicate there are special circumstances | 子細ありげ |
| gen. | adj-na seeming to indicate there is more than meets the eye | 仔細ありげ |
| gen. | adj-na seeming to indicate there is more than meets the eye | 子細ありげ |
| gen. | n sign that indicates an older driver | 高齢者マーク |
| gen. | n sign that indicates an older driver | 高齢運転者標識 |
| gen. | n sounds given during a conversation to indicate comprehension | 相鎚 |
| gen. | n sounds given during a conversation to indicate comprehension | 合鎚 |
| gen. | n sounds given during a conversation to indicate comprehension | 合槌 |
| gen. | n sounds given during a conversation to indicate comprehension | 相づち news2 nf36 |
| gen. | n sounds given during a conversation to indicate comprehension | 相槌 ichi1 |
| gen. | n use of blue eyebrow pencil to indicate a character has shaved his cheeks | 青髯 (in kabuki) |
| gen. | n-suf used after a date to indicate the death of a monk at that time | 寂 |
| geol. | used after a phone number to indicate that it is a switchboard number | 代 |
| gen. | used to indicate a common occurrence in the past | 物 ichi1 (after a verb in past tense, もの) |
| gen. | used to indicate a general tendency | 物 ichi1 (もの) |
| gen. | aux-v used to indicate respect for the listener | ます (or reader) |
| obs. | hum used to indicate respect for those affected by the action | ます |
| gen. | used to indicate something that should happen | 物 ichi1 (もの) |
| gen. | verb suffix to indicate reckless abandon to the activity | 捲る ichi1 |
| gen. | white sash tied around the head, with ends hanging down and tucked into belt, worn in kyogen to indicate a female character being played by a man | 美男葛 |
| gen. | aux uk arch word used at sentence-end like a particle to indicate speculation, volition or invitation | 可い |
| gen. | aux word used at sentence-end like a particle to indicate speculation, volition or invitation | ぺ |
| gen. | aux word used at sentence-end like a particle to indicate speculation, volition or invitation | べえ |
| gen. | aux word used at sentence-end like a particle to indicate speculation, volition or invitation | べ |