| Subject | English | Japanese |
| gen. | aux if it is true that | ならば spec1 hypothetical form of the copula だ, from なり and sometimes classed as a particle |
| gen. | aux if it is true that | なら spec1 |
| gen. | exp people will believe something false if many agree that it is true | 市に虎あり (an example of argumentum ad populum) |