| 21.07.2025 | 12:42:36 | commun. | incumbent | традиционный оператор связи (Competitors were enabled to buy access to key parts of the incumbents’ phone networks at regulated wholesale rates, allowing them to offer DSL service and compete in the retail market without deploying their own network. • For instance, in Bermuda, prior to opening the market, the incumbent had to subject all proposed broadband tariffs to regulatory review.) |
| 21.07.2025 | 11:47:46 | commun. | service-based competition | сервисно-базированная конкуренция (In the European Union, many countries did not have cable networks, however, and so-called service-based competition was developed through regulation.) |
| 21.07.2025 | 11:42:16 | commun. | facilities-based competition | инфраструктурно-базированная конкуренция (In the United States, where there was significant geographic overlap between cable TV companies and telephone networks, the FCC eventually paved the way for what was known as facilities-based competition among those companies, meaning that the cable company and the telephone company competed against each other using their own networks.) |
| 21.07.2025 | 11:38:28 | gen. | -based | базированный |
| 16.07.2025 | 15:26:11 | econ. | free from regulation | не регулируемый |
| 16.07.2025 | 13:39:43 | gen. | by way of perspective | для сравнения (By way of perspective, to download a movie using a dial-up modem would have taken at least sixty hours at top speed—nothing like the high-definition, real-time streaming that we are used to today.) |
| 15.07.2025 | 14:18:32 | inet. | peering relationships | пиринговые отношения |
| 15.07.2025 | 12:48:28 | commun. | interconnection | взаимное подключение сетей (Interconnection between operators was critical. In the early days of telephony in the United States, there were a number of operators who did not interconnect, so subscribers may have needed multiple phones and lines to reach different users.) |
| 10.07.2025 | 11:47:31 | gen. | attempted call | попытка дозвона |
| 5.07.2025 | 17:03:03 | econ. | cost efficiencies | экономичность (The goal was to benefit from the cost efficiencies of the natural monopoly by only having one network while minimizing the impact of the market failure on prices.) |
| 5.07.2025 | 12:02:47 | econ. | extract value | изымать ценность (Regarding the former, focussing on exploitation between countries, theorists of imperialism has argued that even when international trade is close to the ‘ideal’ model of perfect competition, the exercise of monopoly and state power by core economies allows them to extract value and resources from the less developed ones (Emmanuel, 1972; Amin, 1976). • The threat of climate change and biodiversity loss means there is a strong case for a greater focus on reducing non-renewable resource rents which extract value from both present and future generations. • However, in some sectors, a prior step to reforming competition regulation is gaining a better understanding of the business practices of modern rentier actors and how they create and extract value. • One common way to extract value is based on usage.) |
| 4.07.2025 | 17:25:52 | gen. | differentiate oneself | выделиться |
| 4.07.2025 | 15:57:33 | gen. | technically speaking | выражаясь языком специалистов (Every time you make a phone call, a part of the network—from the caller to the receiver—is reserved for that call. It is the same if you talk, if you don’t talk, if you play loud music or whisper sweet nothings. No one else can use that slice of the network. Technically speaking, a circuit is created (traditional telephony is said to be circuit-switched), and at any time, there are a limited number of circuits that can be created—a large number, but not unlimited.) |
| 3.07.2025 | 12:04:01 | commun. | usage charges | плата за объём использования (Интернета и др. услуг связи • At home, we enjoy the same benefits: once we pay for our broadband, there are typically no usage charges, unlike with our telephones.) |
| 2.07.2025 | 19:31:12 | inet. | mobile advertising | реклама на мобильных устройствах |
| 30.06.2025 | 7:55:01 | inet. | filtering | ограничения доступа (к определенным материалам • This refers to the technical standards, not to whether all content can be accessed from all countries, due to copyright restrictions or filtering.) |
| 28.06.2025 | 19:44:40 | econ. | competitive tensions | напряженность между конкурентами (...the patents for proprietary standards lend themselves to competitive tensions, such that the major manufacturers are suing and being sued and sometimes not able to offer phones in certain markets.) |
| 26.06.2025 | 17:33:40 | econ. | patent stacking | компоновка патентов (The modern smartphone is a notable example of patent stacking. According to one study, the patent royalties in a $400 smartphone cost at least $120—and that does not include the cost of the components, which cost about the same as their royalties.) |
| 26.06.2025 | 17:10:29 | gen. | contribute | привнести (что-либо куда-либо) |
| 26.06.2025 | 17:08:45 | gen. | contributing | привносить (что-либо куда-либо) |
| 26.06.2025 | 17:10:29 | gen. | contribute | привнести (что-либо куда-либо) |
| 26.06.2025 | 12:40:40 | comp. | technical merit | технические достоинства |
| 26.06.2025 | 11:02:51 | comp. | mobile | предназначенный для мобильных устройств (...the WebRTC standard allows real-time communications (RTC)—such as video calls—directly from browsers without plug-ins. It is embedded in most browsers—fixed and mobile...) |
| 26.06.2025 | 11:00:16 | comp. | fixed | предназначенный для стационарных устройств (...the WebRTC standard allows real-time communications (RTC)—such as video calls—directly from browsers without plug-ins. It is embedded in most browsers—fixed and mobile...) |
| 23.06.2025 | 19:13:45 | commun. | interoperable | взаимно совместимый (характеристика оборудования) |
| 23.06.2025 | 17:26:06 | tel. | memory dialing | набор номера из списка контактов |
| 23.06.2025 | 17:05:39 | gen. | driver | причина развития (чего-либо • A significant driver of the development of ARPANET was to enable resource sharing—to enable users to access large and expensive computers when they were not in the same location. • Where a driver of the Internet was to enable users to share access to computers, the World Wide Web was initiated as an easy way to enable researchers to share the information sitting on those computers by clicking on links rather than typing in any underlying code.) |
| 23.06.2025 | 16:41:11 | prop.&figur. | on top of | поверх (чего-либо, см. пример переносного употребления • On top of a controlled and centralized telephone network, as well as cable television networks, mobile telephony, and others, a decentralized permissionless environment was built and thrived.) |
| 23.06.2025 | 15:26:53 | inet. | end-to-end principle | краевой принцип (The Internet is not centralized. Instead, the Internet is based on the end-to-end principle, whereby the intelligence of the network is distributed to the end points.) |
| 21.06.2025 | 14:17:00 | gen. | famously | что вошло в историю |
| 21.06.2025 | 14:10:16 | context. | underlying code | команды (для компьютера • ...the World Wide Web was initiated as an easy way to enable researchers to share the information sitting on those computers by clicking on links rather than typing in any) |
| 21.06.2025 | 13:46:28 | econ. | permissionless innovation | безразрешительные инновации (One principle resulting from this separation is sometimes called permissionless innovation, meaning that not only does the Internet support new applications, but no one has to ask permission to develop and use those applications.) |
| 21.06.2025 | 12:33:03 | commun. | over | по (когда речь идет о способе передачи • TV service over a coax cable or fiber-optic network) |
| 20.06.2025 | 13:26:14 | comp. | multi-home | использовать оборудование разных стандартов (...in certain cases customers can multihome, simply adopting more than one standard, which could be as easy as having separate charging cords for iPhones and Android devices.) |
| 20.06.2025 | 13:24:03 | gen. | multihome | см. multi-home |
| 20.06.2025 | 13:21:47 | gen. | gift tube | подарочная упаковка (в виде трубки, куда помещают бутылку с напитком) |
| 20.06.2025 | 10:03:43 | comp. | interoperate | состыковываться (о разнородном оборудовании • As such, the Internet itself effectively acted as an adapter to allow existing computers and local networks to interoperate.) |
| 20.06.2025 | 7:35:41 | econ. | over time | в долгосрочном плане (First, the Internet was not the only networking technology over time.) |
| 19.06.2025 | 18:13:25 | gen. | alternatively | в другом случае |
| 19.06.2025 | 17:52:24 | econ. | procurement choices | решения по закупкам (...a large buyer—which could be the government or a large company such as Walmart—can effectively set a standard through its procurement choices.) |
| 19.06.2025 | 17:42:27 | gen. | standards-developing organization | организация-разработчик стандартов |
| 19.06.2025 | 15:42:39 | econ. | eager market | рынок с высоким спросом (Although the Sony Betamax was generally acknowledged as the better technology, the VHS group first identified the eager market for compatible prerecorded movies...) |
| 19.06.2025 | 15:17:18 | el. | VHS group | группа компаний–пользователей стандарта VHS (Although the Sony Betamax was generally acknowledged as the better technology, the VHS group first identified the eager market for compatible prerecorded movies...) |
| 19.06.2025 | 14:49:47 | econ. | standards war | война стандартов |
| 19.06.2025 | 12:27:32 | comp., net. | interconnect | соединять в сеть (Computers were not interconnected.) |
| 18.06.2025 | 12:09:35 | econ. | in economic terms | выражаясь языком экономистов (In economic terms, among other benefits, standards deliver network effects.) |
| 18.06.2025 | 11:14:59 | prop.&figur. | holdout | не сдающийся (This resulted in the nearly global metric system, alongside the holdout imperial system notably used in the United States.) |
| 18.06.2025 | 11:11:02 | gen. | notably | важно отметить (This resulted in the nearly global metric system, alongside the holdout imperial system notably used in the United States.) |
| 18.06.2025 | 10:17:44 | gen. | freely available | общедоступный |
| 16.06.2025 | 12:44:14 | inet. | cybersecurity threats | киберугрозы |
| 16.06.2025 | 11:57:56 | gen. | laissez-faire role of the government | отстранённость государства (от решения каких либо проблем • As we will see, the current laissez-faire role of the government in these issues on the Internet may be untenable.) |
| 14.06.2025 | 18:34:27 | gen. | pique | пробуждать (интерес • My own interest in the area was piqued when I worked at the US Federal Communications Commission in the late 1990s.) |
| 14.06.2025 | 13:34:13 | inet. | Electronic Frontier Foundation | Фонд электронных рубежей (ruwiki.ru) |
| 14.06.2025 | 13:06:40 | gen. | public information | открытая информация (Embarrassing public information about people’s past—arrests, convictions, bankruptcies, and so on—has always been kept in archives (government or newspaper), but pre-Internet it was hard to systematically find such information.) |
| 13.06.2025 | 19:33:32 | econ. | some level of government intervention | определённое вмешательство государства |
| 13.06.2025 | 19:26:20 | gen. | carbon emissions | выбросы углекислоты |
| 13.06.2025 | 18:40:00 | gen. | assignment of the rights | распределение прав (в примере подразумеваются права собственности • Not only is the assignment of the rights important, but so are the transaction costs for exercising those rights.) |
| 13.06.2025 | 18:27:53 | gen. | Uri Simonsohn | Ури Зимонзон (behavioral scientist) |
| 20.06.2025 | 13:21:47 | gen. | gift tube | подарочная упаковка (в виде трубки, куда помещают бутылку с напитком) |
| 13.06.2025 | 15:05:30 | context. | epicurean | связанный с наслаждением (epicurean product) |
| 13.06.2025 | 14:58:46 | geogr. | Kongsfjorden | Конгс-фьорд (расположен на Шпицбергене) |
| 13.06.2025 | 14:22:37 | context. | spring water | бутилированная вода (не всегда берется из скважины, бывают экзотические варианты, такие как ледниковая вода) |
| 13.06.2025 | 12:16:29 | prop.&figur. | remove the stain | удалить пятно (с репутации, если употребляется в переносном смысле • The Red Cross was opposed, but went along—and despite efforts to correct the record, they have been unsuccessful in removing the stain.) |
| 13.06.2025 | 12:11:09 | prop.&figur. | correct the record | исправить ошибку (The Red Cross was opposed, but went along—and despite efforts to correct the record, they have been unsuccessful in removing the stain. • Despite Grant’s best efforts to correct the record, the name stuck.) |
| 12.06.2025 | 15:04:53 | econ. | wait for change | ждать сдачи (при расчёте наличными) |
| 12.06.2025 | 12:23:30 | econ. | perfect information | совершенная информация |
| 12.06.2025 | 12:20:15 | econ. | strict assumption | сильное предположение |
| 12.06.2025 | 11:43:02 | econ. | amount supplied | объём предложения |
| 12.06.2025 | 11:42:34 | econ. | amount demanded | объём спроса |
| 12.06.2025 | 11:36:07 | econ. | as shown along the demand curve | как показано на кривой спроса |
| 12.06.2025 | 11:35:29 | econ. | as shown along the supply curve | как показано на кривой предложения |
| 12.06.2025 | 11:31:26 | econ. | product | товар (The curves show how, at a low price, demand for a product is high, while the willingness to supply the product is low.) |
| 12.06.2025 | 11:02:23 | econ. | intrinsic limit on demand | внутреннее ограничение спроса |
| 12.06.2025 | 10:56:45 | econ. | limited amounts of time available | ограниченный запас времени |
| 12.06.2025 | 10:52:58 | gen. | effectively | на практике |
| 11.06.2025 | 15:16:23 | inet. | digital policies | стратегии цифрового развития |
| 11.06.2025 | 14:16:57 | inet. | 4G mobile subscription with unlimited usage | безлимитный доступ к мобильному Интернету в сети четвертого поколения |
| 11.06.2025 | 13:26:07 | inet. | unlimited usage | безлимитный доступ |
| 11.06.2025 | 12:47:57 | context. | design | предназначение (That is, in fact, the fundamental design of the Internet, to enable internetworking and create the network of networks that is the Internet.) |
| 11.06.2025 | 12:38:09 | inet. | connectivity | связность (Интернета как системы • However, with billions of users and millions of websites, there is a good chance that your request is going outside your ISP to one or more additional providers that create connectivity.) |
| 11.06.2025 | 12:29:28 | inet. | resolve the IP address | определять IP-адрес (по доменному имени • So, when your ISP receives your request for a website, it resolves the IP address and forwards the request.) |
| 10.06.2025 | 16:07:09 | inet. | privacy statement | гарантии приватности |
| 10.06.2025 | 10:41:04 | gen. | techno caveat | технологическая оговорка (выражает обеспокоенность негативными последствиями широкого использования высокотехнологичных товаров и сервисов • Our all-purpose techno caveat is “I love my smart speaker,’ but is it really tracking everything I do? listening to everything I say?”) |
| 10.06.2025 | 9:59:47 | gen. | and so much more | и многое другое |
| 10.06.2025 | 9:54:20 | gen. | policy solutions to the emerging challenges | стратегии решения возникающих проблем |
| 10.06.2025 | 9:46:02 | inet. | uploaded | выложенный (в социальную сеть и т. д. • Some have also argued that the platforms should be responsible for any content uploaded...) |