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Subject: by the impact of Europe The situation was even worse in most of Africa. Nearly the whole of the continent (apart from the southern shore of the Mediterranean) had always been irrelevant to the main dynamics of world history. It had hardly been incorporated into the mainstream by the impact of Europe (apart from the slave trade) and the legacy of European colonialism was extremely thin. The new states inherited huge economic and social problems, partly stemming from a lack of investment in the colonial period.
Что-то мне никак не разобраться, что означает фраза by the impact of Europe - со стороны Европы? Заранее спасибо.
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