| relig. |
Климент II (Pope from 1046 to 1047. In 1047 he convoked the Council of Rome that passed strong decrees against simony and began a period of reform that was carried on by his successors); Климент (III) (Antipope from 1080 to 1100. He remained antipope throughout the succeeding pontificates of Victor III and Urban II; III); Климент VI (Pope from 1342 to 1352 who opposed the Spirituals); Климент VII (Pope from 1523 to 1534. He gravely underestimated the depth and the dangers of his unpopularity in Germany, and the Reformation found the papacy psychologically unprepared for a radical and permanent rejection of its authority); Климент (VII) (First antipope - 1378-94 - of the Western Schism that troubled the Roman Catholic church for 40 years; VII); Климент VIII (Pope from 1592 to 1605, the last pontiff to serve during the Counter-Reformation); Климент (VIII) (Antipope from 1423 to 1429. He abdicated on July 26, 1429, revoked all his decrees, and set forth his case: he established his acceptance of his election as the only hope to secure church peace and stressed that his abdication was his choice only; VIII); Климент IX (Pope from 1667 to 1669. He clashed with King Louis XIV of France, who was determined to eliminate any religious divergence he saw as a threat to the unity of his kingdom and who revived the condemnation of Jansenism); Климент X (Pope from 1670 to 1676 who organized papal finances and gave Poland considerable aid against Turkish invasion); Климент XI (Pope from 1700 to 1721. Like the preceding Popes Clement IX and X, he was embroiled in the French problems of Gallicanism and Jansenism); Климент XII (Pope from 1730 to 1740. He condemned Freemasonry, the beliefs and observances of which were considered pagan and unlawful by the Roman Catholic Church, and threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who joined); Климент XIII (Pope from 1758 to 1769. During his reign, the Jesuits were ruthlessly expelled successively from Portugal, France and the French dominions, Spain and the Spanish dominions, and the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily and the duchy of Parma); Климент XIV (Pope from 1769 to 1774 who ended the schism in Portugal by reestablishing a papal ambassador there and appointing a Portuguese cardinal); Климент IV (Pope from 1265 to 1268 who executed the plan of Pope Urban IV, his predecessor, in a century-old battle between the papacy and the German Hohenstaufen family); Климент V (Pope from 1305 to 1314 who in choosing Avignon, France, for the papal residence - where it flourished until 1377 - became the first of the Avignonese Popes) |
