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formative testing (Usability testing that takes place early in development tends to be exploratory and to test early design concepts. Sometimes, this is known as formative testing and may include wireframes or paper prototypes, also known as low-fidelity prototypes (Dumas and Fox, 2007). This type of usability testing is often more informal, with more communication between test moderators and participants (Rubin and Chisnell, 2008).  sciencedirect.com amatsyuk) | |||