| English | Polish |
| alkali soil Soil that contains sufficient exchangeable sodium to interfere with water penetration and crop growth, either with or without appreciable quantities of soluble salts | ziemia alkaliczna (ziemia zawierająca ilość związków sodu stanowiąca przeszkodę dla rozwoju roślin) |
| contaminated soil Soil which because of its previous or current use has substances under, on or in it which, depending upon their concentration and/or quantity, may represent a direct potential or indirect hazard to man or to the environment | gleba zanieczyszczona (gleba, w której na skutek jej wcześniejszego lub obecnego użytkowania znajdują się substancje szkodliwe dla ludzi lub środowiska) |
| degraded soil | tereny zdegradowane |
| degraded soil | zdegradowana gleba |
| purification through the soil The act or process in which a section of the ground is freed from pollution or any type of contamination, often through natural processes | samoooczyszczanie się gleby (działanie lub proces, w ramach którego w naturalnym procesie z gleby usuwane są zanieczyszczenia) |
| soil acidification A naturally occurring process in humid climates that has long been the subject of research, whose findings suggest acid precipitation effects. The generally accepted impact of soil acidification on the productivity of terrestrial plants is summarised as follows: as soil becomes more acidic the basic cations (Ca, Mg) on the soil exchange are replaced by hydrogen ions or solubilized metals. The basic cation, now in solution, can be leached through the soil. As time progresses the soil becomes less fertile and more acidic. Resultant decreases in soil pH cause reduced, less-active population of soil microorganisms, which in turn slow decomposition of plant residues and cycling of essential plant nutrients | zakwaszanie gleb (naturalny proces występujący w klimacie wilgotnym; długotrwałe badania wykazują związek z kwaśnymi opadami) |
| soil air | powietrze glebowe |
| soil analysis The use of rapid chemical analyses to determine the fertility status of a soil. It is used to identify those nutrients or substances that are present in either insufficient or excessive quantities for optimum plant growth. Analyses are also used to monitor increases or decreases in soil fertility over time | analiza glebowa (stosowanie szybkich metod analizy chemicznej w celu określenia żyzności gleby) |
| soil and stones | gleba i ziemia, w tym kamienie |
| soil biology The study of the living organisms, mainly microorganisms and microinvertebrates which live within the soil, and which are largely responsible for the decomposition processes vital to soil fertility | biologia gleb (badanie żywych organizmów, głównie mikroorganizmów i mikroskopijnych bezkręgowców, które żyją w glebie i są w dużej mierze odpowiedzialne za procesy rozkładu niezbędne dla żyzności gleby) |
| soil capability The suitability of soils for various uses, e.g. sustained production of cultivated crops, pasture plants, etc., depending on depth, texture, kinds of minerals, salinity, kinds of salts, acidity, etc. | żyzność gleb (przydatność gleby do różnych celów użytkowych, takich jak uprawa roślin żywieniowych i pastewnych, zależna od głębokości gleby, tekstury, zasobności w minerały, zasolenia, zakwaszenia itd.) |
| soil carbon sequestration | sekwestracja dwutlenku węgla w glebie |
| soil carbon sequestration capacity | zdolność gleby do pochłaniania dwutlenku węgla |
| soil carbon stock | zasoby węgla w glebie |
| soil chemistry The study of the inorganic and organic components of the soil and its life cycles | chemizm gleb (badanie nieorganicznych i organicznych komponentów gleby i jej procesów życiowych) |
| soil compaction | zagęszczanie gleby |
| soil condition Description of the character of the surface of the ground at the time of observation, especially in relation to the influence of rain and snow | warunki glebowe (opis charakteru powierzchni gruntu w danym czasie obserwacji, szczególnie w odniesieniu do oddziaływania deszczu i śniegu) |
| soil conservation legislation A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to protect and prevent the loss of an area's surface layer of decomposed rock and organic material, valued for its nutrients and ability to support life | prawodawstwo dotyczące ochrony gleb (proces powstawania aktów prawodawczych dotyczących ochrony i przeciwdziałania utracie wierzchniej warstwy rozdrobnionych skał i materii organicznej, cennej ze względu na swoje wartości odżywcze i zdolność podtrzymania życia) |
| soil damage Soil impaired as a consequence of human activity. A study financed by UNEP, reporting in 1992, found that about 10,5% of the world's vegetative surface had been seriously damaged by human activity since 1945. The study found that much of the damage had been masked by a general rise in global agricultural productivity resulting from expanded irrigation, better plant varieties, and greater use of production inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides. More than 1/3 of the damaged land was in Asia, almost 1/3 in Africa, and 1/4 in Central America. Some land had been damaged beyond restoration. The greatest sources of soil degradation were overgrazing, unsuitable agricultural practices, and deforestation | uszkodzenia gleb (gleba uszkodzona w wyniku działalności człowieka) |
| soil decontamination Technologies employed in the removal of PCBs, PAH, pesticides and, more generally, of organic compounds by physical, chemical or biological treatments | odkażanie gleb (techniki stosowane przy usuwaniu polichlorowanych bifenyli i wielkopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA), pestycydów i ogólnie części organicznych poprzez zabiegi fizyczne, chemiczne i biologiczne) |
| soil degradation | degradacja gleby |
| soil degradation Soil may deteriorate either by physical movement of soil particles from a given site or by depletion of the water-soluble elements in the soil which contribute to the nourishment of crop, plants, grasses, trees, and other economically usable vegetation. The physical movement generally is referred to as erosion. Wind, water, glacial ice, animals and tools in use may be agents of erosion | degradacja gleb (wyniszczenie gleby, które może być wynikiem fizycznego usunięcia cząstek glebowych z konkretnego miejsca lub zubożenie elementów rozpuszczalnych w wodzie) |
| soil deterioration | degradacja gleby |
| soil erosion Detachment and movement of topsoil or soil material from the upper part of the profile, by the action of wind or running water, especially as a result of changes brought about by human activity, such as unsuitable or mismanaged agriculture | erozja gleb (odrywanie się i ruch powierzchniowej warstwy gleby lub materiału glebowego z górnej warstwy profilu, w wyniku działania wiatru lub płynącej wody) |
| soil fertilisation The application of any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origins to a soil to supply one or more elements essential to the growth of plants | nawożenie gleb (stosowanie do gleby materiałów organiczncyh lub nieorganicznych pochodzenia naturalnego lub syntetycznego w celu wzbogacenia jej w jeden lub wiele elementów niezbędnch do wzrostu roślin) |
| soil fertility The status of a soil with respect to the amount and availability to plants of elements necessary for plant growth | żyzność gleb (określenie gleby w odniesieniu do zasobności i dostępności dla roślin elementów niezbędnych do ich wzrostu) |
| soil formation The combination of natural processes by which soils are formed. It is also known as pedogenesis. The most important soil-forming factors are parent material, terrain, climate, aspect, vegetation cover, microorganisms in the soil and the age of the land surface. Some pedologists would add to this list the influence of human activities. All the factors exhibit varying degrees of interrelationship and some are more important than others, with climate often being singled out as the most important | proces glebotwórczy (kombinacja procesów naturalnych tworzących glebę) |
| soil from cleaning and washing beet | osady z oczyszczania i mycia buraków |
| soil function The main soil function is participation in the material transformation and migrating processes occurring in the natural environment on which the functioning of ecosystems depends. The most active participants in the occurring processes are microorganisms and invertebrates, whose activity, different variety, complex structure, and abundance accurately reflect the soil type and its characteristics: so they are important indicators of ecological stability. The variety of soil organisms determine its self-regulatory and self-cleaning capacity | funkcja gleby (główne funkcje gleby to przekształcanie materii i pośredniczenie w jej migracji, co warunkuje istnienie ekosystemów w warunkach naturalnych) |
| soil improvement Process of protecting the soil from excessive erosion and making soil more fertile and productive | poprawa jakości gleby (proces ochrony gleby przed nadmierną erozją i użyźnianie gleby, wraz ze wzrostem jej produkcyjności) |
| soil layer Distinctive successive layers of soil produced by internal redistribution processes. Conventionally the layers have been divided into A, B and C horizons. The A horizon is the upper layer, containing humus and is leached and/or eluviated of many minerals. The B horizon forms a zone of deposition and is enriched with clay minerals and iron/aluminium oxides from the A layer. The C layer is the parent material for the present soil and may be partially weathered rock, transported glacial or alluvial material or an earlier soil | warstwa glebowa (odróżnialna kolejna warstwa gleby, wytworzona w czasie procesów przemieszczania się) |
| soil leaching The removal of water or any soluble constituents from the soil. Leaching often occurs with soil constituents such as nitrate fertilizers with the result that nitrates end up in potable waters | wymywanie z gleby (usuwanie wody i substancji rozpuszczalnych z gleby) |
| soil loading In soil mechanics and civil engineering the term is used to denote the increased weight brought to bear on the ground surface | mechaniczne obciążenie gleby (termin stosowany do określenia wzrastającej masy obciążającej powierzchnię gruntu) |
| soil map A two-dimensional representation that shows the areal extent or the distribution of soils in relation to other features of the land surface | mapa glebowa (dwuwymiarowe zobrazowanie zasięgu lub rozmieszczenia gleb w stosunku do innych cech powierzchni ziemi) |
| soil mechanics The study of the physical properties of soil, especially those properties that affect its ability to bear weight such as water content, density, strength, etc. | mechanika gleb (badanie fizycznych właściwości gleb) |
| soil mineralogy Study of the formation, occurrence, properties, composition, and classification of the minerals present in the soil | mineralogia gleb (badanie tworzenia się, występowania, właściwości, składu i klasyfikacji minerałów występujących w glebie) |
| soil moisture 1. Water stored in soils. 2. One of the most important elements involved in pedological processes and plant growth. There are three basic forms: 1. water adhering in thin films by molecular attraction to the surface of soil particles and not available for plants is termed hygroscopic water. 2. Water forming thicker films and occupying the smaller pore spaces is termed capillary water. Since it is held against the force of gravity it is permanently available for plant growth and it is this type of soil water which contains plant nutrients in solution. 3. Water in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water is termed gravitational water, which is of a transitory nature because it flows away under the influence of gravity. When the excess has drained away the amount of water retained in the soil is termed its field capacity, when some of its pore spaces are still free of water | wilgotność glebowa (woda zawarta w glebie) |
| soil moisture regime The water regime of the soil is determined by the physical properties and arrangement of the soil particles. The pores in a soil determine its water-retention characteristics. When all the pores are full of water, the soil is said to be saturated | glebowa gospodarka wodna (reżim wodny w glebie, uzależniony od jej fizycznych własności i sposobu ułożenia cząstek glebowych) |
| soil organic carbon | węgiel organiczny w glebie |
| soil organism Organisms which live in the soil | organizm glebowy (organizm żyjący w glebie) |
| soil pollutant Solid, liquid and gaseous substances that detrimentally alter the natural condition of the soil | zanieczyszczenia glebowe (substancje stałe, ciekłe i gazowe, które w sposób szkodliwy zabużają naturalny stan gleby) |
| soil pollution Modifications of soil features or, more generally, of its chemical and biological balance, caused by the discharge of polluting substances | zanieczyszczenie gleb (zmiana cech glebowych lub, bardziej ogólnie, jej chemicznej i biologicznej równowagi, spowodowana oddziaływaniem substancji zanieczyszczających) |
| soil process The major processes in soils are gains, losses, transfers, and transformations of organic matter, soluble salts, carbonates, silicate clay minerals, sesquioxides, and silica. Gains consist normally of additions of organic matter, and of oxygen and water through oxidation and hydration, but in some sites slow continuous additions of new mineral materials take place at the surface or soluble materials are deposited from groundwater. Losses are chiefly of materials dissolved or suspended in water percolating through the profile or running off the surface | proces glebowy (najważniejszymi procesami zachodzącymi w glebie są pozyskiwanie, straty i przemieszczanie się materii organicznej, soli rozpuszczalnych, węglanów itd.) |
| soil profile A vertical section of a soil, showing horizons and parent material | profil glebowy (pionowy przekrój gleby, odsłaniający poszczególne warstwy (horyzony) i skałę macieżystą) |
| soil quality All current positive or negative properties with regard to soil utilization and soil functions | jakość gleb (całość pozytywnych i negatywnych właściwości gleby w odniesieniu do przydatności gleby i jej funkcji) |
| soil resource No definition needed | zasoby gleb (definicja zbędna) |
| soil salination The accumulation of soluble mineral salts near the surface of soil, usually caused by the capillary flow of water from saline ground water. Where the rate of surface evaporation is high, irrigation can exacerbate the problem by moistening the soil and causing water to be drawn from deeper levels as water evaporates from the surface. The evaporation of pure water leaves the salts behind, allowing them to accumulate, and they can reach concentrations that are toxic to plants, thus sterilizing the land | zasolenie gleb (nagromadzenie rozpuszczalnych soli mineralnych blisko powierzchni gleby) |
| soil salinity Measurement of the quantity of mineral salts found in a soil. Many semi-arid and arid areas are naturally salty. By definition they are areas of substantial water deficit where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. Thus, whereas in humid areas there is sufficient water to percolate through the soil and to leach soluble materials from the soil and the rocks into the rivers and hence into the sea, in deserts this is not the case. Salts therefore tend to accumulate | zasolenie gleb (badanie ilości soli mineralnych w glebie) |
| soil science The study of the properties, occurrence, and management of soil as a natural resource. Generally it includes the chemistry, microbiology, physics, morphology, and mineralogy of soils, as well as their genesis and classification | gleboznawstwo (badanie właściwości, występowania i gospodarowania glebami jako zasobami naturalnymi) |
| soil sealing | zasklepianie gleby |
| soil settling Compaction involves the close-packing of the individual grains mainly by the elimination of pore-space and expulsion of entrapped water; this is normally brought about by the weight of the overlying sediments | osiadanie gleb (ścisłe upakowanie poszczególnych ziaren poprzez eliminację porów - przestrzeni pomiędy ziarnami) |
| soil stabilisation Chemical or mechanical treatment designed to increase or maintain the stability of a soil mass or otherwise to improve its engineering properties, as by increasing its shear strength, reducing its compressibility, or decreasing its tendency to absorb water. Stabilization methods include physical compaction and treatment with cement, lime, and bitumen | stabilizacja gleb (oddziaływanie chemiczne lub fizyczne zwiększające lub utrzymujące stabilność gleb lub poprawiające ich właściwości techniczne) |
| soil stability Soil stability depends on its shear strength, its compressibility and its tendency to absorb water. Stabilization methods include physical compaction and treatment with cement, lime, and bitumen | stabilnośc gruntu (stabilnośc guntu zależy od jego właściwości, w tym zdolności do absorbcji wody) |
| soil structure The combination or aggregation of primary soil particles into aggregates or clusters, which are separated from adjoining peds by surfaces of weakness. Soil structure is classified on the basis of size, shape, and distinctness into classes, types, and grades | struktura gleb (kombinacja lub agregacja pierwotnych cząstek glebowych w grupki) |
| soil subsidence A sinking down of a part of the earth's crust, generally due to underground excavations | zapadanie się gleb (zapadanie się części skorupy ziemskiej, głównie w wyniku prowadzenia robót podziemnych) |
| soil surface sealing Any activity or process in which ground surface areas are packed or plugged to prevent percolation or the passage of fluids | uszczelnienie powierzchni gruntu (działalność lub proces, w wyniku którego powierzchnia gruntu jest upakowana lub uszczelniona w celu przeciwdziałania przesączaniu lub przepuszczaniu cieczy) |
| soil texture 1. Refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups (sand, silt and clay) of the individual soil grains in a mass of soil. 2. Classification of soil by the proportion and graduations of the three size groups of soil grains, i.e., sand, silt and clay, present in the soil | uziarnienie gleby (określa wzajemne proporcje różnych frakcji (piasku, iłu i gliny) w całkowitej masie gleby) |
| soil type A phase or subdivision of a soil series based primarily on texture of the surface soil to a depth at least equal to plow depth (about 15 cm) | typ gleby (faza lub wydzielenie serii glebowej w oparciu o uziarnienie prób powierzchniowej warstwy gleb do głębokości przynajmniej połowy głębokości warstwy ornej) |
| soil use Functional utilization of soil for agriculture, industry, or residential building purposes | użytkowanie ziemi (funkcjonalne wykorzystanie gleb w rolnictwie, przemyśle lub budownictwie mieszkalnym) |
| soil use regime Type of management and utilization of the soil | zagospodarowanie gleb (zagospodarowanie i użytkowanie gleb) |
| soil water Water stored in soils | woda glebowa (woda zawarta w glebie) |
| unpolluted soil | niezanieczyszczona gleba |
| working the soil Ploughing the soil for agricultural purposes | uprawa gleb (uprawa gleb w celach rolniczych) |
