| Chinese | English |
| 世界遗产地 | world heritage site Sites of great cultural significance and geographic areas of outstanding universal value. They include the Pyramids of Egypt, the Grand Canyon of United States, the Taj Mahal of India, the Great Wall of China, etc. (具有重大文化意义和具有突出普遍价值的地理区域和场所。它们包括埃及的金字塔、美国的大峡谷、印度的泰姬陵、中国的长城等。) |
| 中央公园地区 | central park area The core area of a park or of a reserve where there can be no interference with the natural ecosystem (公园或保护区的核心地区，在那里不能干预自然生态系统。) |
| 人口地理分布 | geographical distribution of population The number of inhabitants in or spread across designated subdivisions of an area, region, city or country (在指定区域，如同一地区，城市，或国家里的居民数。) |
| 人类居住地 | human habitat Any of the conditions in which people live. Also all human settlements in villages, towns or major cities, which require environmental management to provide water, public spaces, remove public wastes, etc. (任何人类居住的环境。包括所有供人们居住的乡村、城镇或主要城市，而这些地方都需要做好环境管理以提供水、公共空间和移除公共垃圾等。) |
| 人类聚集地 | human settlement Cities, towns, villages, and other concentrations of human populations which inhabit a given segment or area of the environment. Human settlements are associated with numerous and complex environmental, pollution, and living condition problems for planning and management (城市、乡镇、村庄、和其他人口集中的地区。它关联到许多不同且复杂的环境、污染和生活条件等问题，必须加以规划和管理。) |
| 休耕地 | fallow land Arable land not under rotation that is set at rest for a period of time ranging from one to five years before it is cultivated again, or land usually under permanent crops, meadows or pastures, which is not being used for that purpose for a period of at least one year. Arable land which is normally used for the cultivation of temporary crops but which is temporarily used for grazing is included (耕地不再耕种，休息一至五年时间，然后才再耕种；或者土地用于种植作物，草场或牧场，但停止耕种至少一年。通常用于耕种临时作物的土地，临时用于放牧的也包括在内。) |
| 休耕地区 | fallow area Land area normally used for crop production but left unsown for one or more growing seasons (通常用于作物生产的土地，但却一个或多个生长季节没有播种。) |
| 假日野营地、度假村 | holiday camp A place providing accommodation, recreational facilities, etc. for holiday-makers (提供度假游客住宿、娱乐设施等的地点。) |
| 农地耕作 | cultivation of agricultural land Cultivation of land for the production of plant crops. Agricultural land may be employed in an unimproved state with few, if any, management inputs (extensive rangeland), or in an intensively managed state with annual inputs of fertilizer, pest, control treatments, and tillage (为了农作物生产的土地耕作。农业土地可能以未改良的状态下、几乎不加管理的使用，或者可能以一种每年施肥、防制病虫、控制处理以及耕种等高度管理的状态被使用。) |
| 农村地区规划 | planning of rural areas |
| 农村居驻地 | rural habitat The biotopes located in areas where agriculture is practiced (在生产农作物的地方建立的小区。) |
| 农用土地 | agricultural land Land used primarily for the production of plant or animal crops, including arable agriculture, dairying, pasturage, apiaries, horticulture, floriculture, viticulture, animal husbandry and the necessary lands and structures needed for packing, processing, treating, or storing the produce (主要用于植物或动物农作物生产的土地，包括耕种农业、乳品业、畜牧业、养蜂场、园艺业、花卉业，葡萄栽培、畜牧业和包装、加工、处理或储存产品所必需的土地和建筑。) |
| 冬季运动胜地 | winter sports resort Resort where sports held in the open air on snow or ice, especially skiing are practiced (露天的雪或冰上举行体育活动的度假村，尤其指滑雪练习。) |
| 减轻地震灾害计划 | Earthquake Hazard Reduction Prog ram |
| 加勒比地区 | Caribbean Area A geographical region bordered on the south by South America and Panama, and on the west by Central America, and consisting of the West Indian, and nearby, islands and the Caribbean Sea, a part of the western Atlantic Ocean (南邻南美洲和巴拿马，西接中美洲的一块地理区域，是组成西印度的一部分，在它的附近，是大西洋西部的一部分——海岛和加勒比海。) |
| 动物生存地 | animal habitat The locality in which an animal naturally grows or lives. It can be either the geographical area over which it extends, or the particular station in which an animal is found (动物自然生长和生存的地方。 此处是动物所遍及的地理区域，或者指某种动物被发现的特别位置。) |
| 动物穿越地带 | crossing place for animals Bridges and tunnels provided for animals for crossing roads and railways. Railway and road infrastructures represent an hindrance to wildlife migration (为动物穿越道路或铁轨所提供的桥梁或隧道；道路或铁轨的建设野生生物迁移的阻碍。) |
| 北极地区 | Arctic region The northernmost area of the earth, centered on the North Pole, that includes the Arctic Ocean, the northern reaches of Canada, Alaska, Russia, Norway and most of Greenland, Iceland and Svalbard (地球的极北方，以北极为中心，包括北冰洋、加拿大的北方地带、阿拉斯加、俄罗斯、挪威以及格陵兰岛的大部分、冰岛与斯瓦尔巴岛。) |
| 半干旱陆地生态系统 | semi-arid land ecosystem The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings in regions that have between 10 to 20 inches of rainfall and are capable of sustaining some grasses and shrubs but not woodland (生态社区中相互影响的系统，它的无生命地区的降雨量在10到20英寸之间，这只能够草和灌木生存但树木不能存活。) |
| 南极地区 | Antarctic region An area within the Antarctic Circle that includes the fifth largest continent and its surrounding waters, consisting mostly of thick ice shelves (南极圈内包含第五大洲及其周围水域的区域，主要由厚冰层所组成。) |
| 受压地区 | area under stress Areas that are flooded by rising number of tourists or other kinds of pressure and suffer from insufficient or inappropriate planning and management. Damage frequently arises from a lack of understanding or interest of the value of such sites (被日益增多的游客数量或其他压力所挤满，且承受着不足或不当计划和管理的区域。 由于对这些地区的价值缺乏兴趣和理解，损害因而常常发生。) |
| 受污染地区 | contaminated area Any site or region that is damaged, harmed or made unfit for use by the introduction of unwanted substances, particularly microorganisms, chemicals, toxic and radioactive materials and wastes (因为有害物质的使用而受到损害的地点或区域，特别指微生物，化学物质，毒性物质，放射性物质与废弃物。) |
| 可持续土地耕作 | sustainable land husbandry |
| 围垦地 | polder A generally fertile tract of flat, low-lying land (as in Netherlands and Belgium) reclaimed and protected from the sea, a lake, a river, or other body of water by the use of embankments, dikes, dams, or levees. The term is usually reserved for coastal areas that are at or below sea level and that are constantly protected by an organized system of maintenance and defense (普遍肥沃平坦、低洼的陆地(如荷兰和比利时)，有保护海洋、湖泊、河流、或其它水域所使用的堤防、大坝或海堤。这个词通常用于沿海地区，达到或者低于海平面的区域，由一个组织体系提供不断的保护、维护和防御。) |
| 国际地球科学与环境科学促进会 | International Association for Advancement of Earth and Environment Sciences |
| 国际环境生物地球化学专题讨论会 | International Symposium on Environmental Biogeochemistry |
| 土地 | land A specified geographical tract of the Earth's surface including all its attributes, comprising its geology, superficial deposits, topography, hydrology, soils, flora and fauna, together with the results of past and present human activity, to the extent that these attributes exert a significant influence on the present and future land utilization (地球表面的一种特定的地带，包括其所有特性，这些特性涵盖其地质、表面沉积、地貌、水文、土壤、植物群和动物群、以及过去和现在人类活动的影响，在某种程度上，这些属性对目前和未来的土地利用有重要作用。) |
| 土地价值 | land value The monetary or material worth in commerce or trade of an area of ground considered as property (在商业或交易中，作为财产的某块土地的货币价值或实用价值。) |
| 土地休耕 | land retirement |
| 土地使用 | land use The term land use deals with the spatial aspects of all human activities on the land and with the way in which the land surface is adapted, or could be adapted, to serve human needs (土地使用这一术语包含所有地表上的人类活动的空间和地表适应，或可能适用于人类需求的方式。) |
| 土地使用 | land occupation The use, settlement or possession of solid areas of the earth's surface (对地球表面陆地的使用、定居或占有。) |
| 土地使用制度 | soil use regime Type of management and utilization of the soil (土壤的管理和利用形式。) |
| 土地使用制度 | land use regime Relation existing between the landowner and the tenant farmer who cultivates the land (土地所有者和耕作土地的租用者间存在的关系。) |
| 土地使用计划 | land-use planning |
| 土地侵蚀退化 | land retirement |
| 土地保护 | land conservation The care, preservation and re-use of solid areas of the earth's surface, especially soil regions valued as a natural resource or utilized as an agricultural resource (地球表面坚固地区的管理、保护和重利用，特别是作为天然资源和农业资源的土壤地区。) |
| 土地分配 | land allotment Procedure by which big land properties are divided in parcels of smaller size (一种程序，用以将大块的土地资产分成面积较小的部分。) |
| 土地利用分类 | land use classification The arrangement of land units into a variety of categories based on the properties of the land or its suitability for a particular purpose. It has become an important tool in rural land-resource planning (基于土地的特性以及其适于的特殊用途，将土地分成多种类别的单元。已成为农村土地资源规划的重要工具。) |
| 土地利用规划 | land planning |
| 土地利用规划 | land use planning The interdisciplinary process of evaluating, organising, and controlling the present and the future development and use of lands and their resources in terms of their suitability on sustained yield basis. Includes an overall ecological evaluation in terms of specific kinds of uses as well as evaluations of social, economic, and physical contexts to the land concerned (根据永续收获基础的持续性，跨学科的评估、组织和控制土地资源的现状和未来发展及使用的过程。包括对有关土地的特定用途以及社会、经济、物理背景评估的整体生态评价。) |
| 土地可持续管理 | sustainable land management |
| 土地和财产登记 | land and property register The system of registering certain legal estates or interests in land. It describes the land and any additional rights incidental to it, such as rights of way over adjoining land (用以登记土地的合法财产权和所有权的制度。它叙述了土地以及其附属的权益，例如在临近土地的路经权。) |
| 土地填筑 | landfill |
| 土地开发 | land development Planning of infrastructures, services and industrial settlements in order to promote the socio-economic growth of certain land area (基础设施、服务业和工业区规划，以促进某些地区土地的社会经济发展。) |
| 土地开垦 | land reclamation Making land capable of more intensive use by changing its general character, as by drainage of excessively wet land; irrigation of arid or semiarid land; or recovery of submerged land from seas, lakes and rivers (通过改变土地的整体特征，如对过分湿地的排水、干旱半干旱土地的灌溉，或从重新开垦被海洋、湖泊和河流淹没的土地，使土地具有被进一步集约利用的能力。) |
| 土地恢复 | land restoration The treatment of any unusable land usually by filling with refuse or levelling until the land can be brought into productive use (对不可用土地的治理，通常通过垃圾填补或平整等方式，直至其具有生产性使用价值。) |
| 土地承载能力 | land carrying capacity The maximum extent to which ground or soil area may be exploited without degradation or depletion (在不造成土地退化或衰竭的前提下，土地或土壤使用的最大限度。) |
| 土地政策 | territorial policy A course of action adopted and pursued by government, business or some other organization, which determines the present and future use of each parcel of land in an area (由政府、企业或其它组织通过和奉行的行动方针，它确定当前和今后的每一块土地的利用。) |
| 土地整理 | land consolidation Joining small plots of land together to form larger farms or large fields (把小块儿土地连在一起形成较大的农场或土地。) |
| 土地污染 | land pollution The presence of one or more contaminants upon or within an area of land, or its constituents (一种或多种污染物存在于某地区或某地区范围内的现象。) |
| 土地清理 | land clearing Removal of trees, undergrowth, etc. in preparation for ploughing, building, etc. (清除树木、灌木丛等，为耕作或建筑等做准备。) |
| 土地生态 | land ecology Study of the relationship between terrestrial organisms and their environment (陆地生物与环境之间的关系的研究。) |
| 土地用途计划 | land use plan The key element of a comprehensive plan; describes the recommended location and intensity of development for public and private land uses, such as residential, commercial, industrial, recreational and agricultural (一项全面计划的主要内容，描述了公共和私人土地使用的推荐位置和发展力度，例如住宅、商业、工业、娱乐和农业。) |
| 土地登记 | land register A register or survey of land, containing information on the surface of properties, tenants' names, commencing with the earliest owners through successive ownership and partitions, and such like (土地登记或调查，其中载有关于房产权、住户的姓名的顶层信息，通过连续的所有权和分区等从最早的业主开始。) |
| 土地税 | land tax Property tax. A tax laid upon the legal or beneficial owner of real property, and apportioned upon the assessed value of his land (财产税。法定或实益拥有人为其不动产缴纳的税务，同时该税务依赖于土地的评估价值。) |
| 土地管理 | upkeep of countryside |
| 土地管理 | upkeep of land |
| 土地管理和规划 | land management and planning Operations for preparing and controlling the implementation of plans for organizing human activities on land (为准备和控制有关人类土地活动的计划的实施而制定的措施。) |
| 土地管理干预领域 | land-management intervention area Any expanse of land which requires a person or agency with authority to interpose or interfere in how it is used or administrated (对土地的扩展，需要有权干预或干涉土地如何使用或管理的人或机构。) |
| 土地维护 | upkeep of countryside |
| 土地维护 | upkeep of land |
| 土地脱盐 | land desalination |
| 土地覆盖 | land cover Land cover is the physical state of the land surface. It is the combination of vegetation, soil, rock, water and human-made structures, which make up the earth's landscape. The land cover is the interface between the earth's crust and the atmosphere, influencing the exchange of energy and matter in the climatic system and biogeochemical cycles (土地覆盖是指陆地表面的物理状态。它是植被、土壤、岩石、水和人工建筑的联合体，这些构成了地球的景观。土地覆盖，是地壳和大气之间的交界面，影响能源和物质在大气系统和生物地球化学循环间的交换。) |
| 土地规划 | land planning The activity of designing, organizing or preparing for the future use of solid areas of the earth's surface, especially regions valued for natural resources, utilized as agricultural resources or considered for human settlement (一项设计、组织或对地球表面的陆地的未来使用做准备的活动，特别是富含自然资源、被用作农业资源或用于人类居住的地区。) |
| 土地设置 | land setup The formulation of regional objectives, plans and programmes and the harmonization of the regional effects of sectorial planning (某一局部的目标、计划、方案以及对规划的局部效果的协调的规划。) |
| 土地退耕 | land retirement |
| 土壤质地 | soil texture 1. Refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups (sand, silt and clay) of the individual soil grains in a mass of soil. 2. Classification of soil by the proportion and graduations of the three size groups of soil grains, i.e., sand, silt and clay, present in the soil (1. 指大量土壤中的个体土壤的各大小团体(沙，淤泥和粘土)的相对比例。 2. 土壤以土壤颗粒的大小和比例按等级分为三类，如土壤中现有的沙、淤泥和粘土等。) |
| 地下储存 | underground storage Storage located underground designed to hold gasoline or other petroleum products or chemical solutions (用于保存汽油或其他石油化工产品或化工溶剂的地下贮藏。) |
| 地下垃圾站 | underground dump Any subterranean or below-ground site in which solid, or other, waste is deposited without environmental controls (固体或其他废料未受环境管制而存放的隐蔽或地下的场所。) |
| 地下处理 | underground disposal The discharge, dumping or emission of wastes below the surface of the soil (废料在土壤下的释放、倾倒或者排放。) |
| 地下排水 | subsoil drainage The removal of surplus water from within the soil by natural or artificial means, such as by drains placed below the surface to lower the water table below the root zone (自然或人工的手段，如通过放置在地表以下的水渠，以降低根区以下的水位，从土壤内去除多余的水。) |
| 地下水 | groundwater Water that occupies pores and crevices in rock and soil, below the surface and above a layer of impermeable material. It is free to move gravitationally, either downwards towards the impermeable layer or by following a gradient (存于岩石或土壤孔隙与裂缝中的水，位于地表下方与不透水层的上方，可以随重力往下朝不透水层或沿著水利坡降而自由移动。) |
| 地下水美 | Ground Water |
| 地下水 | water table Water that occupies pores, cavities, cracks and other spaces in the crustal rocks. It includes water precipitated from the atmosphere which has percolated through the soil, water that has risen from deep magmatic sources liberated during igneous activity and fossil water retained in sedimentary rocks since their formation. The presence of groundwater is necessary for virtually all weathering processes to operate. Phreatic water is synonymous with groundwater and is the most important source of any water supply (占据在孔隙、孔洞、裂缝和地壳岩石等空间的水。它包括从大气中沉淀下来通过土壤渗透的水，在岩浆活动期间从深岩浆源中上升所释放的水，和自形成以来保留在沉积岩的化石水。地下水的存在对于几乎所有的风化过程操作都是必要的。潜水是地下水的代名词，也是最重要的供水来源。) |
| 地下水保护 | groundwater protection Precautionary actions, procedures or installations undertaken to prevent or reduce harm to the environmental integrity of fresh water found beneath the earth's surface, usually in aquifers, which supply wells and springs (为避免和减少对地下水体环境整体性的损害，所采取的预防措施、程序或安装的装置，而这些地下水体通常位于含水层，是井水和泉水的来源。) |
| 地下水保护 | water table protection Water table is inherently susceptible to contamination from landuse activities. Remediation is very expensive and often impractical. Prevention of contamination is therefore critical in effective groundwater management (地下水极易受到土地利用活动的污染。整治地下水是非常昂贵的，而且往往是不切实际的。因此防止污染在地下水的有效管理中很关键。) |
| 地下水损害危机 | groundwater endangering Threat to the quality and quantity of groundwater by activities related to the use of land. As some activities (e.g. landfill) present a particular risk of pollution, the closer an activity is to a well or borehole, the greater the risk of the pumped water being polluted. The type of soil, the geology, the rainfall and the amount of water pumped out of the ground must all be taken into consideration (由于土地使用的相关活动造成地下水之质与量的威胁。某些活动(如掩埋场)有其特定的污染风险，任何活动与井或凿孔的距离愈近，其抽出水质遭受污染的风险愈高。凡土壤的型态、地质、降雨量、和井水的抽出量，都应纳入考虑。) |
| 地下水提取 | groundwater extraction The process, deliberate or inadvertent, of extracting ground water from a source at a rate so in excess of the replenishment that the ground water level declines persistently, threatening exhaustion of the supply or at least a decline of pumping levels to uneconomic depths (精心策划或随意自地下水源以超过地下水补充的速率汲取水的过程，会造成地下水位持续的下降，使得水源有枯竭的危险，或至少使水位下降至不符合经济效益的抽取位置。) |
| 地下水水质 | groundwater quality Groundwater accounts for over 95% of the earth's useable fresh-water resources; over half the world's population depends on groundwater for drinking-water supplies. This invisible resource is vulnerable to pollution and over-exploitation. Effective conservation of groundwater supplies requires the integration of land-use and water management (地下水占地球可用淡水资源的95％；超过半数的地球人口依靠地下水作为饮用水源。这种看不见的资源容易受到污染和过度开采，为有效节约地下水资源，必须整合土地使用和水资源管理。) |
| 地下水污染 | groundwater pollution Contamination of any water found under the earth's surface by any leaching pollutants, such as inorganic compounds (chlorides, nitrates, heavy metals, etc.), synthetic organic chemicals (pesticides, fertilizers, etc.) and pathogens (bacteria, parasites, etc.) (地表下任何水体受到污染物，如无机化合物(氯化物、硝酸盐、重金属等)、合成有机化学物质(农药、肥料等)及病原体(细菌、寄生虫等)等渗漏的污染。) |
| 美国地下注入控制方案 | Underground Injection Control program |
| 地下采石场 | underground quarry Quarry located below the surface of the earth (位于地表面下的采石场。) |
| 地下铁路 | underground railway An electric passenger railway operated in underground tunnels (在地下隧道运行的电动客运铁路。) |
| 地下饮用水源 | underground sources of drinking water |
| 地中海 | Mediterranean Sea The largest inland sea between Europe, Africa and Asia, linked to the Atlantic Ocean at its western end by the Strait of Gibraltar, including the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Aegean and Ionian seas, and major islands such as Sicily, Sardina, Corsica, Crete, Malta and Cyprus (位于欧洲、非洲和亚洲之间的最大的内陆海，其西部由直布罗陀海峡连接到大西洋,包括伊特鲁里亚海、亚得里亚海、爱琴海及尼亚爱奥尼亚海及主要岛屿西西里岛、科西嘉岛、克里特岛、马耳他和塞浦路斯。) |
| 地中海地区 | Mediterranean Area The collective islands and countries of the inland sea between Europe, Africa and Asia that is linked to the Atlantic Ocean at its western end by the Strait of Gibraltar and includes the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Aegean and Ionian seas (位于欧洲、非洲和亚洲间的内陆海的一些岛屿和国家,其西部由直布罗陀海峡连接到大西洋,包括伊特鲁里亚海、亚得里亚海、爱琴海及尼亚爱奥尼亚海。) |
| 地中海地区油污清除中心 | Mediterranean Regional Oil Combating Center |
| 地中海木材 | Mediterranean wood A plant formation found in the Mediterranean area comprising mainly lowgrowing, xerophilous evergreen trees and shrubs. It results mainly from the deterioration of the original vegetation by grazing and burning (在地中海地区发现的植物形式，主要由低矮的、适旱的常绿乔木和灌木组成,这是由于放牧和燃烧引起的原始植被恶化所造成。) |
| 地中海森林 | Mediterranean forest Type of forest found in the Mediterranean area comprising mainly xerophilous evergreen trees (位于地中海地区的森林类型，主要包括适旱的常绿树木。) |
| 地中海气候 | Mediterranean climate A type of climate characterized by hot, dry, sunny summers and a winter rainy season; basically, this is the opposite of a monsoon climate. Also known as etesian climate (一种气候特点,夏季炎热干燥、冬季多雨,基本上,这是相反的季风气候。也称为季风气候。) |
| 地中海玛基群落 | Mediterranean macchia |
| 地区 | region A designated area or an administrative division of a city, county or larger geographical territory that is formulated according to some biological, political, economic or demographic criteria (指定地区或一个城市的行政区划，县或更大的地理范围，这种划分是根据生物、政治、经济或人口标准。) |
| 地区分析和预报系统 | local analysis and prediction system |
| 地区性自我保护主义 | NIMBY aptitude aptitude "not in my back yard"; Not In My BackYard: phrase used to describe people who encourage the development of agriculture land for building houses or factories, provided it is not near where they themselves are living (不要在我的后院里：短语用来描述鼓励为农业土地的发展而建造房子或者工厂的人们，只要建造的房子或者工厂不靠近他们自己正居住的地方。) |
| 地区政府 | territorial government An administrative body or system in which political direction or control is exercised over a designated area or an administrative division of a city, county or larger geographical area (一个行政机构或制度，其政治方向或政治权利超过指定区域或超过一个城市，县或更大的地理区域的行政区划。) |
| 地区水质量控制局 | Regional Water Quality Control Boards |
| 地区法 | regional law |
| 地区管理局 | regional authority The power of a government agency or its administrators to administer and implement laws and government policies applicable to a specific geographical area, usually falling under the jurisdiction of two or more states (一个政府机构或它的权力机构，该机构管理和执行适用于特定地理区域的法律和政府政策。机构通常在两个或多个省的管辖范围内。) |
| 地区管理局 | provincial/regional authority D, The power of a government agency or its administrators to administer and implement laws and government policies applicable to a specific political subdivision or geographical area within the state (一个政府机构或行政权力机构，在特定的政治分支或地区管理和执行国家法律和政府政策。) |
| 地区统计 | regional statistics No definition needed (不需要定义。) |
| 地区自然公园 | regional natural park A park operated and managed by a region (由地区运营和管理的公园。) |
| 地区规划 | regional planning The step by step method and process of defining, developing and outlining various possible courses of actions to meet existing or future needs, goals and objectives for a designated area or an administrative division of a city, county or larger geographical area (规定、发展和概括各种可能的行为，并遵循一定步骤方法和过程。这些方法和过程可以满足对指定的区域或城市、国家或更大的地理区域的现在和未来做行政规划的需要、目标和目的。) |
| 地区规章 | regional regulation A body of rules or orders prescribed by government, management or an international organization or treaty pertaining to or effective within a specific territory of one or more states (由政府、管理机构或国际组织或条约制定的一套规则或规定，规则在一个或多个国家内有效。) |
| 地区计划 | regional plan The plan for a region according to some physiographic, biological, political, administrative, economic, demographic, or other criteria (根据地形、生物、政治、行政、经济、人口、或其它标准制定的地区的计划。) |
| 地图 | map A representation, normally on a flat medium, that displays the physical and political features of a surface area of the earth, showing them in their respective forms, sizes and relationships according to some convention of representation (通常在平坦的纸张上的一种表示，其显示地球表面地区的物理和政治属性，并按照图画的传统手法来展示其各自的形式、大小和关系。) |
| 地图集 | atlas A bound collection of maps or charts, plates, engravings or tables illustrating any subject (装订好的地图，图标，印版，版画或者表述任意主题的插话的合集。) |
| 地域社群 | territorial community An infrastructure, body of people or homogenous constituency that is physically situated in a localized exurban area (位于城市远郊区的一个本地化的人或团体生活的基础设施。) |
| 地壳 | earth's crust The outer layers of the Earth's structure, varying between 6 and 48 km in thickness, and comprising all the material above the Mohorovicic Discontinuity (a seismic discontinuity occurring between the crust of the earth and the underlying mantle; the discontinuity occurs at an average depth of 35 km below the continents and at about 10 km below the oceans). The earlier idea of a cool solid skin overlaying a hot molten interior has now been replaced by a concept of a crust composed of two shells: an inner basic unit composed of sima (oceanic crust) and an outer granitic unit composed of sial (continental crust) (地球结构的外层，厚度为6公尺至48公尺，包含莫霍(洛维奇)不连续面(一个引起地震的不连续面，出现在地壳及其下的地幔之间；这不连续面出现在陆地下平均35公里和海洋下大约10公里处)以上的所有物质。 以前认为一个冷却坚固的表层覆盖着热熔融内部的想法，现在已被地壳是由两层外壳组成的概念所取代，一个是硅镁组成的内部基本单元(大洋地壳)，一个是由硅铝组成的外部花岗石单元(大陆地壳)。) |
| 地学与环境科学国际中心 | International Center for Earth and Environmental Sciences |
| 地形学 | geomorphology The study of the classification, description, nature, origin, and development of present landforms and their relationships to underlying structures, and of the history of geologic changes as recorded by these surface features (对目前地形的分类，描述，性质，起源和发展及其与底层结构的联系，和地表特征所记录的地质变化历史所进行的研究。) |
| 地形改变 | landscape alteration Landscapes might change through time as a result of human activities or natural processes such as fires or natural disasters. Changes in landscape structure can be documented by using data from aerial photographs or satellite images, and new technologies, such as remote sensing and geographic information systems (由于一段时间的人类活动或自然过程，如火灾或自然灾害造成的地貌可能发生变化。地形结构的变化可以通过从空中拍摄的照片或卫星影像数据以及诸如遥感和地理信息系统的新技术得出。) |
| 地役权 | easement The rights of use over the property of another; a burden on a piece of land causing the owner to suffer access by another (使用支配他人财产的权利。土地拥有者的土地被他人使用所带来的负担。) |
| 地文学 | physical geography |
| 地方供热 | local heat supply The provision of heating fuel, coal or other heating source materials, or the amount of heating capacity, for the use of a specific local community (为一个具体的地方社区使用的，取暖燃料、煤或其他加热源材料的提供，或总体供热的能力。) |
| 地方发展 | local development A stage of growth or advancement in any aspect of a community that is defined by or restricted to a particular and usually small district or area (任何一个被定义为特定和通常是小区域或小地区的社区经济增长或发展的情况。) |
| 地方品种 | endemic species Species native to, and restricted to, a particular geographical region (自然出现并且只出现在特定的区域的物种。) |
| 地方当局 | local authority The power of a government agency or its administrators to administer and implement laws and government policies for a city, town or small district (政府机构的权利，或其管理和实施城市、小城镇或地区的法律和政府的政策的行政权力机构。) |
| 地方政府 | local government An administrative body or system in which political direction and control is exercised over the community of a city, town or small district (一个行政机构或政治体制，对一个城市、小城镇或地区社区行使政治引导和控制。) |
| 地方政府政策 | local government policy Any course of action adopted and pursued by a ruling political authority or system, which determines the affairs for a city, town, county or regional area (执政的政治机构或系统采用的所有行动的方案，它决定了一个城市、城镇、县或地区范围内的行政事务的执行。) |
| 地方财政 | local finance The theory and practice of all public money matters pertaining to city, town or small district governments (城市、城镇或小区政府有关的所有公共资金的理论和实践。) |
| 地日关系 | Earth-Sun relationship The Earth depends on the sun for its existence as a planet hospitable to life, and solar energy is the major factor determining the climate. Hence, conditions on the sun and conditions on Earth are inextricably linked. Although the sun's rays may appear unchanging, its radiation does vary. Many scientists suspect that sunspot activity has a greater influence on climatic change than variations attributed to the greenhouse effect (地球依靠太阳而成为一个适宜生命生存的行星，且太阳能是决定气候的主要因素。 因此，太阳上的条件和地球上的条件有着密不可分的关系。虽然太阳光看似无变化，但它的辐射却改变了。 许多科学家怀疑，太阳黑子的活动对气候的影响远超过温室效应所带来的变化。) |
| 地热能 | geothermal energy An energy produced by tapping the earth's internal heat. At present, the only available technologies to do this are those that extract heat from hydrothermal convection systems, where water or steam transfer the heat from the deeper part of the earth to the areas where the energy can be tapped. The amount of pollutants found in geothermal vary from area to area but may contain arsenic, boron, selenium, lead, cadmium, and fluorides. They also may contain hydrogen sulphide, mercury, ammonia, radon, carbon dioxide, and methane (通过开发地球内部热量而产生的能量。目前唯一能够这样做的技术是从水热对流系统中提取出热量。水热对流系统是通过水或蒸汽将热量从地球深处向能量能被提取的地方转移。地热中含有的污染物的多少根据区域的不同而不同，包括砷、硼、硒、铅、镉氟化物，也包括硫化氢、汞、氨、氡、二氧化碳和甲烷等。) |
| 地球之友协会 | Friends of the Earth |
| 美国地球和环境科学委员会 | Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences |
| 地球工程学 | geotechnology The application of scientific methods and engineering techniques to the exploitation and use of natural resources (科学方法和工程技术在自然资源的探测和使用方面的应用) |
| 地球物理学 | geophysics The physics of the earth and its environment, that is, earth, air and space (地球和地球环境的物理构造，也就是地球、大气和太空。) |
| 地球物理环境 | geophysical environment The physical earth and its surroundings, consisting of the oceans and inland waters, lower and upper atmosphere, space, land masses and land forms (物理上的地球和其包围的环境，包括海洋、内陆水、低空和高空大气圈、太空、陆地块、陆地地形等。) |
| 地球科学 | earth science The science that deals with the earth or any part thereof; includes the disciplines of geology, geography, oceanography and meteorology, among others (谈及地球或地球任何部分的科学，其中包括地质学、地理学、海洋学、气象学以及其他学科。) |
| 地球资源观测系统数据中心 | earth resources observation system Data Center |
| 地球资源观测系统数据中心 | EROS Data Center |
| 地理信息系统 | geographic information system An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information that can be drawn from different sources, both statistical and mapped (一个计算机硬件，软件，地理数据和人员的组合，以有效的捕获，存储，更新，处理，分析和显示一切形式的，从不同来源得到的地理参照信息，可以是统计数据和地图。) |
| 地理信息系统实验室 | GIS laboratory A laboratory where GIS data drawn from different sources are stored, handled, analyzed and updated (一个来自不同来源的地理信息系统数据被存储、处理、分析和更新的实验室。) |
| 地理信息系统数字形式 | GIS digital format The digital form of data collected by remote sensing (通过遥感收集的数据的数字形式。) |
| 地理信息系统数字技术 | GIS digital technique The transformation to digital form of data collected by remote sensing, traditional field and documentary methods and of existing historical data such as paper maps, charts, and publications (对由遥感，传统领域和文件的方法和现有的历史数据,如纸张地图，图表和出版物等收集的数据以数字形式转变。对由遥感技术收集的数据、传统领域和文件方式(存储)的数据以及现有的历史数据，如纸张地图，图表和出版物等，向数字形式进行转变的技术。) |
| 地理信息系统数字系统 | GIS digital system An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information that can be drawn from different sources, both statistical and mapped (一种计算机硬件、软件、地理数据和人事部门的有组织的收集，旨在有效获取、存储、更新、操纵、分析和显示各种形式的地理参照信息，可以从不同的来源，如统计数据和绘制地图来绘画。) |
| 地理参考信息 | geo-referenced information Data delimiting a given object, either physical or conceptual, in terms of its spatial relationship to the land, usually consisting of points, lines, areas or volumes defined in terms of some coordinate system (根据土地的空间关系，包括根据一些坐标系统定义的点、线、面或体积，从物理和概念上给一个特定的对象定界的数据。) |
| 地理参考数据 | geo-referenced data |
| 地理学 | geography The study of the natural features of the earth's surface, comprising topography, climate, soil, vegetation, etc. and man's response to them (对地球表面的自然特征的研究，包括地形，气候，土壤，植被等，以及人类对其的反应。) |
| 地理投影 | geographical projection A representation of the globe constructed on a plane with lines representative of and corresponding to the meridians and parallels of the curved surface of the earth (在一个平面内建立起的地球构造，用线条代表经纬，用平行的线条表达地球的曲面。) |
| 地窖 | silo A large round tower on a farm for storing grain or winter food for cattle (一个大的圆形塔，用于存储粮食或冬季喂牲口的食物。) |
| 地衣 | lichen Composite organisms formed by the symbiosis between species of fungi and an algae. They are either crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks, stone walls, roofs or garden paths. Because they have no actual roots they get their sustenance from the atmosphere and rainwater. Lichens play an important role in the detection and monitoring of pollution, especially sulphur dioxide, as they are highly sensitive to pollution and different species disappear if pollution reaches specific levels (在真菌和藻类中形成的共生的复合生物。它们或者是像外壳一样成片的附着或者浓密的生长在树干、石墙、屋顶或者公园小径。它们因为没有真正的根，需要从空气和雨水中汲取营养。地衣在保护和监测环境污染方面有很重要的作用，特别是对二氧化硫的侦测；因为它们对污染高度敏感，如果周围的污染物达到一定水平，不同种类的地衣就会消失。) |
| 地衣制图 | mapping of lichens Maps of lichens distribution indicating air quality. Fruticose lichens (with branched structures well above the surface) are more susceptible to SO2 damage than foliose lichens (whose leaflike thallus lies nearly flat on surface) and both in turn are more susceptible than crustose lichens (which embed their tissue in the cracks of bark, soil, or rocks). The use of morphological lichen types as indicators of air pollution concentrations is well developed (地衣分布图显示着空气质量。灌木地衣(其分枝结构远高于表面)比小叶地衣(其叶状菌几乎与体表面持平)更容易受到二氧化硫的损害，反过来都比壳状地衣(即它们的组织嵌入在树皮裂缝、土壤或岩石中)较敏感于二氧化硫。形态学地衣类型作为空气污染浓度指标的使用已经相当成熟。) |
| 地表径流 | surface runoff Water that travels over the soil surface to the nearest surface stream; runoff of a drainage basin that has not passed beneath the surface since precipitation (流经地表到达最近的地面流的水，一个流域的径流由于降水没有通过在表面之下。) |
| 地表水 | surface water All waters on the surface of the Earth found in streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, marshes or wetlands, and as ice and snow (地球表面发现在溪流、河流、池塘、湖泊、沼泽、湿地和冰雪的所有水域。) |
| 地貌 | landform Any physical, recognizable form or feature of the Earth's surface, having a characteristic shape and produced by natural causes; it includes major forms such as plane, plateau and mountain, and minor forms such as hill, valley, slope, esker, and dune. Taken together the landforms make up the surface configuration of the Earth's (地球表面的任何物理的、可识别的形式或特点，其有独特的形状，由自然原因造成；包括诸如平原、高原和山地的主要形式，诸如山地、河谷、斜坡、蛇丘和沙丘的较低级形式。地貌与地形的两者共同构成了地表轮廓。) |
| 地貌形成过程 | geomorphic process The physical and chemical interactions between the Earth's surface and the natural forces acting upon it to produce landforms. The processes are determined by such natural environmental variables as geology, climate, vegetation and baselevel, to say nothing of human interference. The nature of the process and the rate at which it operates will be influenced by a change in any of these variables (地球表面和作用其上的自然力之间的物理和化学交互作用。此过程由地质情况、气候、植被、基准面等自然环境变量来决定，与人为影响无关。而这些变量中任意一个的改变都会影响这个过程的本质和进度。) |
| 地质学 | geology The study or science of the earth, its history, and its life as recorded in the rocks; includes the study of geologic features of an area, such as the geometry of rock formations, weathering and erosion, and sedimentation (研究地球及其历史，以及岩石中记载的生命过程的科学。包括对一个地区的地质特征的研究，如岩层几何分布，风化和侵蚀，和沉积作用。) |
| 地质技术学；土工学 | geotechnics The application of scientific methods and engineering principles to civil engineering problems through acquiring, interpreting, and using knowledge of materials of the crust of the earth (通过探测跟踪、判断读取和使用地壳原料的知识，运用科学方法和工程原理在土木工程问题的应用。) |
| 地质灾害 | geological disaster Disasters caused by movements and deformation of the earth's crust (由于地球运动和地壳变形引起灾害。) |
| 地质过程 | geological process Dynamic actions or events that occur at the Earth's surface due to application of natural forces resulting from gravity, temperature changes, freezing and thawing, chemical reactions, seismic shaking, and the agencies of wind and moving water, ice and snow. Where and when a force exceeds the strength of the earth material, the material is changed by deformation, translocation, or chemical reactions (由于重力，温度变化，冻融，化学反应，地震摇晃，风和水，冰和雪的作用而使地表发生的动态变化或事件。当受力超过地球的物质的承受能力，物质会因为变形，移位，或化学反应发生变化。) |
| 地铁列车 | underground train A train for transportation of people, mostly beneath the surface of the ground, in order to lessen the traffic (为减轻交通压力，主要在地面下运行的运送人员的列车。) |
| 地震 | earthquake The violent shaking of the ground produced by deep seismic waves, beneath the epicentre, generated by a sudden decrease or release in a volume of rock of elastic strain accumulated over a long time in regions of seismic activity (tectonic earthquake). The magnitude of an earthquake is represented by the Richter scale; the intensity by the Mercalli scale (由地震中央深处的地震波引起地面的猛烈摇动，在一个地震活动性(构造地震)区域，岩体内累积超过一段长时间的弹性应力突然地减少和释放所产生。地震的大小用芮氏(Richter)震级来表示；地震强度用麦加利(Mercalli)震级来表示) |
| 地震工程 | seismic engineering The study of the behavior of foundations and structures relative to seismic ground motion, and the attempt to mitigate the effect of earthquakes on structures (对地震地区相关的结构和行为的研究，致力于减轻地震对结构的影响。) |
| 地震活动 | seismic activity The phenomenon of Earth movements (地球活动的现象。) |
| 地震的海浪 | seismic sea wave A large seismically generated sea wave which is capable of considerable destruction in certain coastal areas, especially where submarine earthquakes occur. Although in the open ocean the wave height may be less than one meter it steepens to hights of 15 metres or more on entering shallow coastal water. The wavelength in the open ocean is of the order of 100 to 150 km and the rate of travel of a seismic sea wave is between 640 and 960 km/h (很大的地震引起的海浪，会在海岸地区摧毁很多房屋，特别是当发生海底地震时。尽管大部分海域，海浪的高度可能低于一米，但当它进入狭窄的海岸流域，海浪会升高到15米或更高。在开阔的海域，海浪的宽度是100到150公里，地震引起的海浪传播速度是640到960公里每小时之间。) |
| 地震监测 | seismic monitoring The gathering of seismic data from an area (从一个地区搜集地震数据。) |
| 地面地表水 | surface water |
| 地面大气剖面实验 | ground-based atmospheric profiling experiment |
| 地面废料处置 | waste disposal in the ground The planned discharge, deposit or burial of refuse or other unserviceable material into the surface of the earth, as in a landfill (有计划地排放垃圾或其他无用物质，存放或埋入地球表面，如垃圾填埋场中。) |
| 地面水管理 | surface water management The administration or handling of water naturally open to the atmosphere (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, seas, etc.) (自然开放时(河流、湖泊、水库、池塘、溪流、海洋等)的水的管理或处理。) |
| 美国国家气象局地面自动观测系统 | automated surface observing system |
| 地面通道 | land access The permission or freedom to use, enter, approach or pass to and from a tract of land, which often consists of real estate property (使用、进入、通过某片土地的许可或自由，通常包括房地产权。) |
| 埋人地下放射性废料 | land disposal |
| 城市栖息地 | urban habitat The resulting effects and interrelationships of human population concentrations, the built environment, and the biophysical environment (人口聚集、建筑环境和生物物理环境之间的相互关系，以及由此产生的影响。) |
| 城市绿地 | urban green The complex of private and public gardens in an urban area (城市区域中私人和公共花园的集合。) |
| 基于陆地的海洋污染 | land-based marine pollution |
| 大地测量 | geodesy A subdivision of geophysics which includes determination of the size and shape of the earth, the earth's gravitational field, and the location of points fixed to the earth's crust in an earth-referred coordinate system (地球物理学分支，主要包括决定地球的性状和大小，地球的引力场，地球坐标系统中地壳中的固定点位置。) |
| 大气化学与地球污染国际委员会 | International Committee on the Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution |
| 妇女地位 | woman's status The social position, rank or relative importance of women in society (妇女在社会中的社会地位、等级或相对重要性。) |
| 娱乐地点 | recreational area A piece of publicly owned land, especially in a town, used for sports and games (作为运动或游戏的公共场所，特别是在城镇中。) |
| 实地实验 | field experiment Experiment carried out on a substance or on an organism in the open air as opposed to in a laboratory (在现实中而非实验室对某一物质或有机体进行的实验。) |
| 实地考察 | field study Scientific study made in the open air to collect information that can not be obtained in a laboratory (在实地进行考察，搜集一些在实验室搜集不到的信息。) |
| 对地静止的同步气象卫星 | geostationary meteorological satellite |
| 山地保护 | mountain protection |
| 山地地带 | montane belt |
| 山地度假胜地 | mountain resort A place in the mountains where people spend their holidays and enjoy themselves (一个人们在山里度过假期、享受生活乐趣的地方。) |
| 山地林 | mountain forest An extensive area of woodland that is found at natural elevations usually higher than 2000 feet (通常出现于高于海拔2000英尺的天然大面积林地。) |
| 山地气候 | mountain climate Very generally, the climate of relatively high elevations; mountain climates are distinguished by the departure of their characteristics from those of surrounding lowlands, and the one common basis for this distinction is that of atmospheric rarefaction; aside from this, great variety is introduced by differences in latitude, elevation, and exposure to the sun; thus, there exists no single, clearly defined, mountain climate. Also known as highland climate (通常指相对高海拔的气候；山地气候由其特征而区别于周围的低地，并且此差异共同的基础是山地的大气稀薄；除此之外，山地由于纬度、海拔和阳光照射程度的不同产生了巨大的变化；因此，不存在清晰定义的山地气候。亦称高地气候。) |
| 山地生境 | mountain habitat |
| 山地生态系统 | mountain ecosystem Ecosystems found on high-mountains at low latitudes. Mountain ecosystems are very vulnerable. They are increasingly sensitive to soil erosion, landslide and rapid loss of habitat and genetic diversity. Widespread poverty and an increase in the numbers of mountain inhabitants lead to deforestation, cultivation of marginal lands, excessive livestock grazing, loss of biomass cover and other forms of environmental degradation. Because little is known about mountain ecosystems, Agenda 21 has proposed the establishment of a global mountain database. This is essential for the launch of programmes that would contribute to the sustainable development of mountain ecosystems. The proposals also focus on promoting watershed development and alternative employment for people whose livelihoods are linked to practices that degrade mountains (出现于低纬度高山的生态系统。山地生态系统是易受攻击的。它们对土壤侵蚀、山崩、动植物栖息地和遗传多样性的迅速消失越来越敏感。分布广泛的贫困和山地居民数量的增长导致了砍伐森林、土地耕种、过度放牧、生物量减少和其他形式的环境退化。 由于很少有人知道山地生态系统，21世纪议程提出了创建全球性的山地数据库。这对山地生态系统的可持续发展是重要的。该提案还注重促进流域开发和生计活动与山地退化有关的人们的替代性就业问题。解决其生计活动可使山地退化的人们的替代性就业问题。) |
| 山地管理 | mountain management |
| 山地避难所 | mountain refuge Any shelter or protection from distress or danger located in a predominantly mountainous area (任何主要位于山区的躲避处以防止困扰或危险。) |
| 山区土地复垦 | land restoration in mountain areas Measures adopted to control erosion and degradation phenomena in the mountain regions caused by the loss of forest cover due to acid rain, uncontrolled forest cutting, winter skiing resorts construction, etc. (为了控制由于酸雨造成的深林减少、过度的森林砍伐、冬季滑雪胜地建设等引起的山区土地流失和退化现象所采取的措施。) |
| 嵌合状地块 | mosaic-like patch |
| 工业地点 | industrial site The location for the individual manufacturing firm (个体工业制造公司的地点。) |
| 工业废弃土地 | industrial wasteland Area of land which is no longer usable for cultivation or for any other purpose after having been the site of an industrial plant (过去曾是工厂用地，而今无法再作为农地或其它用途的土地区块。) |
| 干旱地区 | arid land Lands characterized by low annual rainfall of less than 250 mm, by evaporation exceeding precipitation and a sparse vegetation (年降雨量小于250mm，蒸发量超过降水量，植物稀少的地区。) |
| 干草地 | dry lawn No definition needed (无需定义) |
| 干预土地 | intervention on land Stepping in or participating in problem solving efforts for troublesome or perplexing situations involving ground areas or the earth's surface (致力于或参与涉及陆地地区或地球表面的麻烦或困扰问题的解决。) |
| 废地 | derelict land |
| 建筑地盘的准备 | building site preparation No definition needed (无需定义。) |
| 建筑土地 | building land Area of land suitable for building on (适合建筑大楼的土地。) |
| 建筑工地 | building site A piece of land on which a house or other building is being built (房子或其他大楼正在上面建造的一块土地上。) |
| 开发地下水 | exploitation of underground water The process of extracting underground water from a source (从一源头提取地下水的过程。) |
| 开垦荒地 | land reclamation |
| 开矿之后的地形 | landscape after mining The process of mining disfigures the surface of the land, and in the absence of reclamation leads to permanent scars. The process spoils the vital topsoil, disrupts drainage patterns, destroys the productive capacity of agricultural and forest land and impairs their aesthetic and social value (开采后的地形损毁了地表的外形，并在缺乏矫正的情况下导致了永久性的损害痕迹。这一过程损坏了重要的表层土壤，干扰了排水模式，破坏了农业、森林和陆地的生产能力，并损害了它们的审美价值和社会价值。) |
| 弃用军事用地 | disused military site Military site where all activity has ceased. Such areas, being extremely well sheltered against outside disturbances and in many ways less affected by human landuse than many other open landscapes, can contain significant natural habitats and rare or endangered wildlife. Abandoned military territories constitute an important source of natural landscapes to be managed and restored in an environmentally sound way (即停止各种活动及使用的军事场址。此类地区掩蔽性绝佳，不受外界干扰，在许多方面比其它开放区域更少受到人类对土地使用的影响，因此可含有大量自然栖地和稀有或濒临绝种的野生动物。废弃的军事领域含有重要自然景观资源，需以环保的方式来管理及恢复。) |
| 当地交通 | local traffic Traffic moving within a city, town, or area and subject to frequent stops, as distinguished from long distance traffic (在城市、市镇或地区内的交通运输，不同于长途运输，当地交通有多个站点。) |
| 当地发射污染物 | local emitters |
| 当地建筑材料 | local building material |
| 当地注人污染物 | local immissions |
| 当地资源利用 | local resource utilisation The use of a source of supply from a municipal or regional area, which can be readily drawn upon when needed (在某个城市或地区范围内的资源供给，可以在需要时随时提取。) |
| 当地造林 | local afforestation The planting of trees in an area, or the management of an area to allow trees to regenerate or colonize naturally, in order to produce a forest (某个地区的树木种植，或者对某地区进行管理以使树木重建或自然生长，以便产生一片森林。) |
| 撂荒地 | wastelands |
| 撂荒地 | waste land |
| 撂荒地 | wasteland |
| 政治地理学 | political geography The study of the effects of political actions on human geography, involving the spatial analysis of political phenomena (人文地理影响政治活动，政治行为涉及的空间分析和政治现象。) |
| 敏感地区 | sensitive area Areas of a country where special measures may be given to protect the natural habitats which present a high level of vulnerability (国家的某些地区，在那里为了保护非常脆弱的原著民而给予它们特别的政策。) |
| 敏感的自然地区 | sensitive natural area Terrestrial or aquatic area or other fragile natural setting with unique or highly-valued environmental features (具有独特的或高价值的环境特性的陆地或水地或其它脆弱的自然居住地。) |
| 数字土地模型 | digital land model A representation of a surface's topography stored in a numerical format. Each pixel has been assigned coordinates and an altitude (将地表的地形影像以数字格式储存。 每个像素均指定了坐标和高度。) |
| 斯堪的纳维亚地区 | Scandinavia region |
| 旱地农业 | dry farming A system of extensive agriculture allowing the production of crops without irrigation in areas of limited rainfall. Dry farming involves conserving soil moisture through mulching, frequent fallowing, maintenance of a fine tilth by cross-ploughing, repeated working of the soil after rainfall and removal of any weeds that would take up some of the moisture (一种粗放耕作系统。可以在少雨地区无需灌溉的情况下生产农作物。 可以在少雨地区无需灌溉的情况下生产农作物。 旱地农业可通过覆盖物、休耕和交叉耕作来保持土壤水分。 此外，也可通过在降水后复耕土壤和去除吸收水分的杂草来保持天土壤水分。) |
| 旱地生态系统 | dryland ecosystems |
| 旱地管理 | dryland management |
| 服务地点 | service area The area served by a particular public facility such as school, library, police station, park, etc. (用于公众设施的地点，例如学校、图书馆、警察局、公园等。) |
| 本地娱乐 | local recreation A pastime, diversion, exercise or other means of enjoyment and relaxation that is carried out in a particular city, town or small district (在某个特定的城市、小镇或地区进行的消遣、娱乐、运动或其它方式的享受和放松方式。) |
| 本地客运服务 | local passenger service Passenger transport system for a limited local area (有限区域内的乘客运输系统。) |
| 极地 | polar region Area relating to the earth's poles or the area inside the Arctic or Antarctic Circles (该区域的地球磁极分别为北极和南极。) |
| 极地生态系统 | polar ecosystem The interacting systems of the biological communities and their nonliving environmental surroundings located in the regions where the air temperature is perennially below 10° Celsius, usually at and near the North and South Poles (生物群落和生物环境的交互位于气温是摄氏Code:10度以下的地区，通常位于北极和南极附近。) |
| 枕地农场方面, 位于犁田末端的一块条状地，其用途是为了方便犁耕时的迴转。 | headland farm, A strip of land left at the end of a furrow in a field in order to facilitate the turning of the plough |
| 林地清理 | woodland clearance The permanent clear-felling of an area of forest or woodland. On steep slopes this can lead to severe soil erosion, especially where heavy seasonal rains or the melting of snow at higher levels cause sudden heavy flows of water. In the humid tropics it may also lead to a release of carbon dioxide from the soil (森林或林区永久的清理砍伐。在陡峭的斜坡，这可能导致严重的水土流失，特别是大量的季节性降雨或更高水平上的积雪融化会导致水突然大量流入。在潮湿的热带地区也可能导致二氧化碳从土壤中释放。) |
| 林地生态系统 | woodland ecosystem The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings in wooded areas or land areas covered with trees and shrubs (生物群落及其林区的非居住环境或与覆盖树木和灌木的陆地地区相互作用的系统。) |
| 栖息地 | habitat 1. The locality in which a plant or animal naturally grows or lives. It can be either the geographical area over which it extends, or the particular station in which a specimen is found. 2. A physical portion of the environment that is inhabited by an organism or population of organisms. A habitat is characterized by a relative uniformity of the physical environment and fairly close interaction of all the biological species involved. In terms of region, a habitat may comprise a desert, a tropical forest, a prairie field, the Arctic Tundra or the Arctic Ocean (1. 植物或动物自然生长或生活的地方。它可以是可伸展的地理区域，或是样本发现的具体地方。2.一种生物或一个生物群落栖息的自然地域。具有相对均一的环境和所有生物品系的近距离作用。就地区而言，它可以包括沙漠、热带森林、大草原、北极冻原或北冰洋。) |
| 栖息地破坏 | habitat destruction Destruction of wildlife habitats by increasing pressure for land by fast-growing human populations, pollution and over-exploitation. Whole species or populations of plants and animals have disappeared causing a loss of genetic resource that is not only regrettable from an aesthetic or philosophical point of view but also threatens man's food supply. Habitat loss takes several forms: outright loss of areas used by wild species; degradation, for example, from vegetation removal and erosion, which deprive native species of food, shelter, and breeding areas; and fragmentation, when native species are squeezed onto small patches of undisturbed land surrounded by areas cleared for agriculture and other purposes (由于人口的快速成长对土地需求的增加、以及污染和过度的开发，造成野生动物栖地的破坏。动、植物之物种或族群的全面消失使得基因源丧失，其不仅在哲学和美学的层面会留下遗憾，且威胁人类的食物来源。栖地的消失有几种型式：如，野生物种栖地的澈底消失；植被移除或腐蚀导致土质恶化，影响原生物种的食物、栖地、养育地；或因为农业或其他用地的使用，使原生物种被迫迁移至未受干扰但被其他用途所围绕的小块土地时，其活动区域遭到分割。) |
| 气象卫星研究合作研究所地区同化系统 | Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies regional assimilation system |
| 气象卫星研究合作研究所地区同化系统 | CIMSS regional assimilation system |
| 美国气象局地区预报中心 | Weather Bureau Area Forecast Center |
| 水文地质学 | hydrogeology The science dealing with the occurrence of surface and ground water, its utilization, and its functions in modifying the earth, primarily by erosion and deposition (一门科学用以研究地表与地下水的形成、利用、和改变土地的功能(主要是藉由冲蚀和沉积)。) |
| 水渗透到地下 | water infiltration into the ground The movement of surface water into soil or rock through cracks and pores (地表水通过裂缝和孔进入土壤或岩石的运动。) |
| 污染汇集地 | pollution sink Vehicle for removal of a chemical or gas from the atmosphere-biosphere-ocean system, in which the substance is absorbed into a permanent or semi-permanent repository, or else transformed into another substance. A carbon sink, for example, might be the ocean (which absorbs and holds carbon from other parts of carbon cycle) or photosynthesis (which converts atmospheric carbon into plant material). Sinks are a fundamental factor in the ongoing balance which determines the concentration of every greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. If the sink is greater than the sources of a gas, its concentration in the atmosphere will decrease; if the source is greater than the sink, the concentration will increase (通过车辆运输将化学制品或气体从大气生物圈-海洋系统中移除，物质被吸收入永久或部分永久的贮藏库，或者被转换成另一种物质。例如碳水槽，是海洋中吸收并且与碳循环的其它部分反应，(或将大气碳转换成植物材料)的光合作用。水槽是在确定的温室气体中，保持大气平衡的一个根本因素。如果水槽的容积比气体的来源更大，它获得的大气浓度将减少；如果大气来源体积比水槽更大，则大气浓度将增加。) |
| 沉积盆地 | sedimentary basin A geomorphic feature of the earth in which the surface has subsided for a prolonged time, including deep ocean floors, intercontinental rifts and elevated and interior drainage basins (地球的地貌特性，地表通过很长时间的沉降，包括很深的海底、大陆架和升起的以及内陆干涸的盆地。) |
| 沉积盆地 | sedimentation basin A basin in which suspended matter is removed either by quiescent settlement or by continuous flow at high velocity and extended retention time to allow deposition (一个盆地，在那里悬浮物被静态沉降或被连续流体高速移动，经过很长时间使它们沉积下来。) |
| 河滨地带 | riparian zone 1. Terrestrial areas where the vegetation complex and microclimate are products of the combined pressure and influence of perennial and/or intermittent water... and soils that exhibit some wetness characteristics. 2. Zone situated on the bank of a water course such as a river or stream (1. 在多种自然力、连续或间接的水域影响下，形成的植被状态，具有复杂和微气候特点的陆地区域，该区域往往具有土壤湿润的特点。2.水域(如河流、小溪)旁的区域。) |
| 沿海地区规划 | coastal zone planning The objective of coastal management and planning is the preservation of coastal resources whilst simultaneously satisfying the sometimes conflicting interests and requirements of protection, development, usage and conservation (海岸管理和规划的目标是在保护海岸资源，同时满足一些如保护、发展、使用及保存的冲突性利益与需求。) |
| 泥质滩地 | mud flat A relatively level area of fine silt along a shore (as in a sheltered estuary) or around an island, alternately covered and uncovered by the tide, or covered by shallow water (一个沿海岸(如在一个封闭的河口)或岛屿的相对平坦的泥沙区域，由潮水间隔地覆盖或浅水覆盖。) |
| 海岸地带原油泄漏 | coastal zone oil spill |
| 海洋地质学 | marine geology That aspect of the study of the ocean that deals specifically with the ocean floor and the ocean-continent border, including submarine relief features, the geochemistry and petrology of the sediments and rocks of the ocean bottom and the influence of seawater and waves on the ocean bottom and its materials (对于海洋，特别是针对大洋底和海洋大陆边界的研究，包括海底地形特征、海洋底部沉积物和岩石的海洋化学和岩石学、海水和波浪对海洋底部及其材料的影响。) |
| 美国墨西哥海湾地区污染控制区 | Bay Area Pollution Control District |
| 美国旧金山海湾地区空气污染控制区 | Bay Area Air Pollution Control District |
| 海边胜地 | seaside resort A place near the sea where people spend their holidays and enjoy themselves (海边的地点，人们在这里度假放松。) |
| 海陆运动 地壳的缓慢升降运动 ？？ | bradyseism A long-continued, extremely slow vertical instability of the crust, as in the volcanic district west of Naples, Italy, where the Phlegraean bradyseism has involved up-and-down movements between 6 m below sea level and 6 m above over a period of more than 2.000 years (地壳的长期持续的、极其缓慢的垂直不稳定性，如在那不勒斯、意大利火山区西部，在超过2000年的时间里，Phlegraean海陆运动涉及了海拔6m以上和6m以下的升降运动。) |
| 涝渍地 | waterlogged land Waterlogging is an effect of canal irrigation; it occurs when the water table rises to within 3 meters of a crop's roots, impeding their ability to absorb oxygen and ultimately compromising crop yields. Many factors contribute to waterlogging. These include inadequate drainage, improper balance in the use of groundwater and surface water, seepage and percolation from unlined channels, overwatering, planting crops not suited to specific soils, and inadequate preparation of land before irrigation (渍水是运河灌溉所产生的效果，当地下水位上升到农作物的根的三米以内时渍水会发生，阻碍根吸收氧气的能力，并最终影响作物产量。这些因素包括排水不足、地下水和地表水的平衡不当，来自未衬砌渠道的渗流和渗透、过顶水、种植不适合特定土壤的庄稼和灌溉前土地准备的不充分。) |
| 混合林地 | mixed woodland |
| 混杂利用地区 | mixed use area Use of land for more than one purpose; e.g. grazing of livestock, watershed and wildlife protection, recreation, and timber production (多于一个目的的土地使用，例如放牧牲畜、水域和野生动植物保护、休闲和木材生产。) |
| 温带林地 | temperate woodland Forest dominated by broad-leaved hardwoods, which occurs over large tracts in the mid-latitudes of Europe, N. America, and eastern Asia, but which is restricted in the southern hemisphere to Chilean Patagonia (主要由阔叶硬木组成的森林，大片位于中期的欧洲纬度地区，包括北美和亚洲东部，但在南半球智利的巴塔哥尼亚受到限制。) |
| 湿地 | wetland Areas that are inundated by surface or ground water with frequency sufficient to support a prevalence of vegetative or aquatic life that requires saturated or seasonally saturated soil conditions for growth or reproduction (被地表或地下水充满的次数足以支持那些需要饱和的或季节性饱和的土壤条件来增长或繁殖的植物或水生生物广泛流行的地区。) |
| 湿地保护 | conservation of wetlands |
| 湿地生态系统 | wetlands ecosystem Ecosystems of areas largely inundated with water but offering elevated lands as a habitat for wildlife. This areas include swamps, both seasonal and permanent, marsh, open fresh water, shallow saline lagoons, the estuaries of rivers, floodplains and coastal sand dunes. They provide food, breeding grounds, water and sanctuary for many forms of fish, birds and other animal and plant life. They are among the most productive ecosystems producing timber, peat moss and crops such as rice and a variety of berries (大部分充满水、但提供了更高级土地作为一个野生动物栖息地的区域生态系统。这个区域包括沼泽(季节性和永久性的)、湿地、开放淡水、浅层咸水湖、河流入海口、冲积平原和沿海沙丘。它们提供食物、繁殖地、多种形式的鱼类、鸟类和其它动物和植物的水和保护区。它们是最富有成效的生态系统之一，它们产生木材、泥炭藓、诸如大米之类的作物和各种浆果。) |
| 湿地监测 | wetlands monitoring |
| 滴滤地 | trickling filter |
| 潜在污染地区 | area of potential pollution Area which is supposedly causing dangers to human health and environment (对人类健康和环境有潜在危险的地区。) |
| 潮湿地 | tidal wetlands |
| 灌木地带 | maquis A low evergreen shrub formation, usually found on siliceous soils in the Mediterranean lands where winter rainfall and summer drought are the characteristic climate features. It consists of a profusion of aromatic species, such as lavender, myrtle, oleander and rosemary and often includes abundant spiny shrubs. It has been suggested that the maquis is a secondary vegetation, occupying the lands cleared of their natural evergreen oak forests by human activity (低矮常绿灌木的形成物，通常在有着冬季降水、夏季干旱气候特点地中海中的硅质土地上建立。包括丰富的诸如薰衣草、香桃木、夹竹桃和迷迭香的芳香物种，并且往往包含丰富的多刺灌木。有建议称灌木地带是次要的植被，居于被人类活动清楚地天然常绿栎林的地位。) |
| 火灾凹进的地方加拿大 | bays of a fire |
| 火灾危险地区 | fire hazardous areas |
| 火灾危险分级地区 | fire danger rating area |
| 火灾和土地管理计划简写为FIRELAMP | fire and land management planning |
| 环境地球化学因素 | geogenic factor Geogenic factors are those which originate in the soil, as opposed to those of anthropic origin (anthropogenic) (源于土壤，而非源于人(人为)的因素。) |
| 环境与工程地球物理学会 | Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society |
| 生态地位 | ecological niche 1. The space occupied by a species, which includes both the physical space as well as the functional role of the species. 2. Ecological niche refers to the characteristics of an environment that provides all the essential food and protection for the continued survival of a particular species of flora or fauna. In addition to food and shelter, there is no long-term threat to existence in that place from potential predators, parasites and competitors. The concept of the ecological niche goes a long way beyond the idea of the species habitat (1. 由某一物种所占据的空间，包括物理空间和物种的功能角色。 2. 生态地位是指为某一特定动植物物种继续生存提供食物或保护的环境特征。除食物及庇护外，在这个环境中也不存在对生存构成长期威胁的潜在捕食者、寄生虫以及竞争者。生态地位的概念已经超越了物种栖息地的提法。) |
| 生态上相似地区 | ecoregion |
| 生态上相似地区 | ecologically homogeneous area |
| 生态敏感地区 | ecologically sensitive area Area where it is likely that a change in some parts of the system will produce a recognizable response (某一地区，其生态系统中的某些部分发生变化可能导致某些可辨别的反应。) |
| 生物地球化学 | biogeochemistry |
| 生物地理化学循环 | biogeochemical cycle Movement of chemical elements in a circular pathway, from organisms to physical environment, back to organisms. The process is termed a nutrient cycle if the elements concerned are trace elements, which are essential to life. A biogeochemical cycle occurs when vegetation decomposes and minerals are incorporated naturally in the humus for future plant growth (化学元素的运动循环，从生物到物理环境，回到生物。如果相关元素是微量元素，这个过程被称为一个养分循环，是生命的基础。一个生物地理化学循环发生在植被分解，矿物为未来植物生长被自然用于腐殖质。) |
| 生物地理区域 | biogeographical region Area of the Earth's surface defined by the species of fauna and flora it contains (根据所包含的动植物物种来定义的地球表面区域。) |
| 生物地理学研究动植物的地理分布, 与动物和植物的地理分布有关的科学。 | biogeography The science concerned with the geographical distribution of animal and plant life |
| 用树木围隔的田地或草地 | bocage The wooded countryside characteristic of northern France, with small irregular-shaped fields and many hedges and copses. In the French language the word bocage refers both to the hedge itself and to a landscape consisting of hedges. Bocage landscapes usually have a slightly rolling landform, and are found mainly in maritime climates. Being a small-scale, enclosed landscape, the bocage offers much variations in biotopes, with habitats for birds, small mammals, amphibians, reptiles and butterflies (法国北部的丛林农村的特点，小而不规则，并有许多树篱和灌木。在法语中，bocage既指树篱本身又指由树篱组成的景观。Bocage景观通常是稍微弯曲的地貌，主要在海上气候的地区出现。作为一个小规模的、封闭的景观，bocage为不同的群落提供了栖息地，有鸟类、小型哺乳动物、两栖动物、爬行动物和蝴蝶等。) |
| 田地受损 | field damage A decline in the productivity of an area of land or in its ability to support natural ecosystems or types of agriculture. Degradation may be caused by a variety of factors, including inappropriate land management techniques, soil erosion, salinity, flooding, clearing, pests, pollution, climatic factors, or progressive urbanization (一定面积生产率下降或者支撑农业或自然生态系统的能力的下降。下降可能是由多种因素引起，包括不适当的土地管理技术，土壤侵蚀，盐碱化，洪水，空置，害虫，污染，气候因素，或逐渐的城市化。) |
| 盐草地 | salt meadow A meadow subject to overflow by salt water (被盐水冲洗的草地。) |
| 省/地区法律 | provincial/regional law D |
| 石油地质学 | petroleum geology The branch of economic geology that relates to the origin, migration and accumulation of oil and gas, and to the discovery of commercial deposits. Its practice involves the application of geochemistry, geophysics, paleontology, structural geology and stratigraphy to the problems of finding hydrocarbons (与石油、煤、天然气的起源、迁移和储积，地质分布和商业发现有关的学科。它的实践包括地球化学、地球物理、古生物学、结构地质和地层学的应用，以及发现碳氢化合物的问题。) |
| 碱性土地 | alkali land Any geomorphic area, often a level lake-like plain, with soil containing a high percentage of mineral salts, located especially in arid regions (土壤含有高百分比的矿物质盐的任何地貌区域，通常是平如湖泊般的平原，其，常位于干旱地区。) |
| 空中进攻基地 | air attack base |
| 穿越地带 | crossing place A place, often shown by markings, lights, or poles, where a street, railway, etc. may be crossed (可穿越街道、铁路的地带，通常以标志、灯光或旗杆进行标示。) |
| 经济地理学 | economic geography The geography of people making a living, dealing with the spatial patterns of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. The development of economic geography over the past three decades has witnessed the substitution of analysis for description, leading to an identification of the factors and an understanding of the processes affecting the spatial differentiation of economic activities over the earth's surface (关于人类谋生，生产、分配和消耗商品和服务的空间型态的地理学。 三十年来，经济地理学的发展见证了描述分析法的更替，导向因素的判定及影响地表经济活动的空间差异性过程的了解。) |
| 绿色地带 | greenbelt |
| 绿色空间，绿地 | green space A plot of vegetated land separating or surrounding areas of intensive residential or industrial use and devoted to recreation or park uses (被稠密的住宅或工业用地所包围或分隔，作为休闲或公园使用的植物园地。) |
| 职业地位 | occupational status |
| 自然地理 | physical geography The study of the spatial and temporal characteristics and relationships of all phenomena within the Earth's physical environment (研究时间和空间关系的特点，以及地球上一切现象的物理环境。) |
| 芜原地块 | barren patch |
| 草地 | meadow Strictly a term for a field of permanent grass used for hay, but also applied to rich, waterside grazing areas that are not suitable for arable cultivation (该词严格上指制作干草的固定草场区，也可应用于不宜耕种的丰草富水的放牧区。) |
| 草地火灾 | grass fire A conflagration in or destroying large areas of any vegetation in the Gramineae family as found in fields, meadows, savannas or other grasslands (破坏生长在原野、草地、大草原或其他牧草地等大片面积禾本科植物地区的大火。) |
| 荒地 | wastelands |
| 营地；临时帐篷 | camp 1. A place where tents, cabins, or other temporary structures are erected for the use of military troops, for training soldiers, etc. 2. Tents, cabins, etc., used as temporary lodgings by a group of travellers, holiday-makers, Scouts, Gypsies, etc. (1. 给军事部队使用，如训练士兵等，可以搭建帐篷、棚屋或是其它临时结构。 2. 帐篷，小屋等，被旅行者、度假者、侦察兵和吉普赛人等用作临时住处。) |
| 让社交场地开放 | leave on social grounds |
| 边际土地 | marginal land Low quality land the value of whose production barely covers its cultivation costs (低质量的土地上，其生产价值仅够支付其种植成本。) |
| 运输目的地 | destination of transport The targeted place to which persons, materials or commodities are conveyed over land, water or through the air (通过陆运、水运或空运方式，将人、原料或商品运到目的地。) |
| 退化土地 | degraded land |
| 采矿地质学 | mining geology The study of geologic aspects of mineral deposits, with particular regard to problems associated with mining (矿床地质方面的研究，特别考虑到与采矿有关的问题。) |
| 野生动植物栖息地 | wildlife habitat Suitable upland or wetland areas promoting survival of wildlife (促进野生动植物生存的适合的旱地或湿地。) |
| 野营地 | camping Guarded area equipped with sanitary facilities where holiday-makers may pitch a tent and camp by paying a daily rate (含有卫生设施且被防卫的地区，度假者可以在那里搭帐篷，支付费用露营。) |
| 野营地官员 | camp officer |
| 野营地点 | camping site A piece of land where people on holiday can stay in tents, usually with toilets and places for washing (供度假者停留，且带有厕所、洗漱间和帐篷的地方。) |
| 加拿大阿尔伯塔油砂地区环境研究计划 | Albert Oil Sands Environment Research Program |
| 陆地哺乳动物 | land mammal |
| 陆地地区 | terrestrial area Subdivisions of the continental surfaces distinguished from one another on the basis of the form, roughness, and surface composition of the land (大陆表面的行政划区在形式，粗糙度，表面组成的土地基础上彼此区别开来。) |
| 陆地环境 | terrestrial environment The continental as distinct from the marine and atmospheric environments. It is the environment in which terrestrial organisms live (有别于海洋和大气环境的大陆。它是陆地生物生活的环境。) |
| 陆地生物资源 | terrestrial biological resource Any source of supply derived from plants, animals or other wildlife inhabiting land or ground, which may be used by humans for food, clothes and other necessities (来自植物、动物或其它野生动物的栖息地或地面的供应源，这些可能作为人的粮食、衣服和其它必需品。) |
| 雨水盆地 | storm water basin Basin used to hold water which falls as rain during a storm (风暴降雨期间用来积水的盆地。) |
| 非领地水 | non-demesnial water A body of water that is owned and maintained by an individual or entity other than the national government (个人或实体而非国家政府拥有并维护的水体。) |
| 高地生态系统 | highland ecosystem The interacting systems of the biological communities and their non-living surroundings in regions of relatively high elevation, typically characterized by decreased air pressure and temperature, reduced oxygen availability and increased isolation (位于具有相对高海拔及大气压力与温度降低，氧气可用率减少，以及隔绝性增加等典型特征的地区中，生物群体与其非居住环境之间相互影响的系统。) |
| 高山冰积洼地 | geographic cirque A deep steep-walled half-bowl-like recess or hollow, variously described as horseshoe- or crescent-shaped or semi-circular in plan, situated high on the side of a mountain and commonly at the head of a glacial valley and produced by the erosive activity of a mountain glacier. It often contains a small round lake, and it may or may not be occupied by ice or snow (深陡峭壁形或半钵状深凹或山谷，在图示中表示为蹄形或新月形或半环形。位于较高的山边，通常在一个冰川头部，由冰川的侵蚀活动形成。它通常包含一个小圆湖，其中有或没有冰雪。) |
