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Terms for subject Explosives and Explosive Ordnance Disposal containing | all forms
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一下子把打昏knock sb unconscious at a single blow
一个one pro
不同的分子炸药混融化的梯恩梯中、将附加的能量和/或感度赋予助爆药Different molecular explosives are mixed into the melted TNT and impart additional energy and/or sensitivity to the booster
不少西方满腹宗教热情Westerners are full of religious fire
不确定输indefinite input
接触personal contact
提供的担保personnel surety
计算机一种主要供个人单独使用的计算机。包含家用个人计算机、商用个人计算机和笔记本计算机PC
计算机一种主要供个人单独使用的计算机。包含家用个人计算机、商用个人计算机和笔记本计算机personal computer
防护用品为使职工在职业活动过程中免遭或减轻事故和职业危害因素的伤害而提供的个人穿戴用品。同义词:劳动防护用品personal protective devices
防护装备PPE
为了减少索赔事件的发生、炸药的使用员保存完整的爆破作业记录是聪明的举措、监测爆破振动和冲击波、尽可能通知公众、尽量降低钻孔和交通噪声、减少粉尘并减小其他可觉察到的影响In order to reduce damage claims, the explosives user is wise to keep complete records of his operations, to monitor vibrations and airblast, to do what he can to inform the public, and to minimize drilling noise,dust,traffic noise, and other perceptible effects
主管一大户in charge of a big family
乐于助outgoing
亠场大火烧死很多lots of people died in a big fire
交通规则适用于所有车辆和行Traffic rules apply to all vehicles and pedestrians
为事故human error occident
为因素thaw human factor
为因素误差human-equation error
为失误人为失误是指人的行为的结果偏离了规定的目标,或超出了可接受的界限,并产生了不良的后果human error
为失误原因菲雷尔 〈Russel Ferrell〉认为,作为事故原因的人为失误其发生可以归结到下述 3个方面的原因: 1. 超过人的能力的过负荷。 2. 与外界刺激的要求不一致的反应。 3. 由于不知道正确方法或故障采取不恰当的行为causes of human error
为错误故障human error failure
们关切的全球变暖问题global warming concerns
们发现、氨生产过程中释放的二氧化碳一部分是来自提供热量的气体燃烧、另一部分来自于提供氨合成气所需的原料气的制备过程中CO₂ emissions from ammonia production are found both in the combustion of a proportion of the gas to provide process heat and from the reforming of the feedstock gas to provide ammonia synthesis gas
们日益担心的是爆破对所采矿物的完整性造成破坏效果Concerns around the destructive effects on the integrity of excavations progressively increased
们注意到、这种物质很可能悬浮在空中、称为悬浮微粒。并认为这种物质可由人呼进肺腑、穿透肺部的气体交换区This material is recognized as being likely to become airborne and farm an aerosol хим. and considered to be capable of being inhaled by humans, penetrating the gas exchange region of the lungs
们虽然考虑到炮泥长度,但没考虑到炮孔填塞材料和岩石粒度Some consideration is given to the stemming length but no consideration is given to the stemming material and particle size of the rock
invasion
口孔径靶平面上孔眼人口直径entry hole size
口端arrival end
口线arrival line
员伤亡personnel injury or fatality
员暴露的空间概率spatial probability of people exposure
员类型type of personnel
entry
场费admission
字形布置herringbone pattern
字形布置herringbone fashion
字形结构herringbone texture
对振动的反应指人对不同级别振动的反应human response to vibrations
射中子incident neutron
射压也称人射波压力,地面振动波在经不连续表面或自由面反射或折射之前所具有的压力,单位为 MPa或Paincidence pressure
射压缩波incoming compression wave
射压缩波incident compressive wave
射子波incident wavelet
射平面波incident plane wave
射方向incident direction
射时间time of incident
射束incident beam
射波在波的传播遇到障碍物时,产生反射和绕射前的波incidence wave
射波场incident field
射波的介质声阻抗平面波速度和人射波的介质密度的相乘,单位为 kg/(m² s)。声波或地震波在材料特性有变化的不连续面处将发生反射和透射acoustic impedance of the medium of the incidence wave
射的incident
射管波incident tube wave
射纵波incident longitudinal wave
射能incident energy
射角射线路径与界面垂线的夹角,即在各向同性介质中波前与界面的夹角incident angle
射角射线路径与界面垂线的夹角,即在各向同性介质中波前与界面的夹角angle of incidence
射角射线路径与界面垂线的夹角,即在各向同性介质中波前与界面的夹角angle of arrival
射角angle of attack
射路径incident path
射重力波incident gravity wave
工保护盘为保证井筒延深作业的安全,在原生产井筒的井窝内构筑的、阻挡坠落物的临时结构物manmade safety staging
工保护盘为保证井筒延深作业的安全,在原生产井筒的井窝内构筑的、阻挡坠落物的临时结构物protective bulkhead
工加速老化试验accelerated aging test
工地震人工地震则属人为有意制造的地震,震源分为炸药震源和机械震源artificial earthquake
工堆填土artificial fill
工崩落artificial caving
工开采hand mining
工打孔hand boring
工打孔作业hand auger work
工振动cultural vibration
工放顶爆破waste blasting
工斜坡artificial slope
工智能研究解释和模拟人类智能、智能行为及其规律的一门学科。其主要任务是建立智能信息处理理论,进而设计可以展现某些近似于人类智能行为的计算系统。是计算机科学的一个分支artificial intelligence
工矿柱artificial pillar
工装填packing by hand
工顶板分层开采时为阻止上分层垮落岩石进人工作空间而铺设的隔离层artificial roof
文环境human environment
human-computer
机交互技术通过计算机输人、输出设备,以有效的方式实现人与计算机对话的技术,是计算机用户界面设计中的重要内容之一。常用的交互技术可分为:构造技术、命令技术、拣取技术和直接操纵技术human-computer interaction techniques
机交互系统支持人和计算机系统直接进行交互通信的系统,其主要功能是完成人机之间的信息传递以提高计算机系统的友善性和效率human-computer interaction system
机工程学人机工程学是研究如何使机械设备、工作环境适应人的生理、心理特征,使人员操作简便、准确、失误少、工作效率高的学问ergonomics
生的价值在于为社会做贡献,而不是从中牟利A person's value consists in making contributions to society rather the making profits from it
的思想必须赶上时代One must have up to data ideas
的思维总是受经验和自然条件的限制Human thinking is always bounded by experience as well as natural conditions
的贪欲无止境Human desires know no bound
类的反应human response
类的活动无法超越时空的限制Man's activities cannot extend beyond the bounds of time and space
行道或梯子格垂直或倾斜通道用于人穿行或通过梯子上坡的通道,其形式可以是小井或上升通道,目的是方便上坡。攀梯道也包括通风系统、水和压缩空气管道等manway
身危险及财产损坏danger and damage
造产品manufactured product
门书ABC book
间的terrestrial
从预测大气模型和测声设备中获得的数据输到大气折射模型、从而能评价气象对爆炸现场周边区域内的冲击波能级的影响Real-time data from a predictive meteorological model and sounding equipment is input to an atmospheric refraction model that enables the effect of meteorology on airblast levels in the area surrounding the blast site to be evaluated
他因受到抢劫杀罪的指控而被捕He was arrested for being charged with robbery and murder
他想送信时、身边没有仆可差使No servant was available at that time when he waned to send a message
委员代理alternate
兴奋的exciting
为本human-centered
任何one pro
感情的abrasive
似乎没有愿意承担替他吃东西的义务No one seems willing to assume any obligation of eating instead of him
体大而笨拙的或物jumbo
使厌烦的abrasive
使激动的exciting
使…挤人crush
使某的希望梦想,信仰,计划,雄心等破灭blast sb.'s hope (dreams, belief, plan, ambition, etc)
使某事物或某敏感sensitize 的现在分词sensitizing
使用电子延迟顺序可以增加5 - 10个百分点的抛掷量、且不必增加炸药能量或其他爆破投An increased throw of the order of 5 - 10 percentage points may be obtained through the use of electronic delay sequences, without any increase in explosives energy or other blast inputs
使…陷人困trap
intrusive igneous rocks
保险insurance personnel
保险理赔调处claims adjuster
信教士觉得为孤儿捐钱、或多或少、是慷慨大方的行为、同时也是一种乐趣Religious persons feel that contribution, more or less,to orphans is a generous act and a duty as well
值班watch
催某做某事put a fire under
催某做某事build a fire under
气体的gassed
栅栏。袭crib
其他员负责corporate responsibility
其余的remainder
典型的南方好吃米a typical southerner fond of eating rice
crush的ing 形式crushing
冲击波压力损失与炸药的爆炸压力有关、可以通过计算炸药的密度和爆速来估算。因此、炸药的冲击波压力损失的测定可以通过实验引一些诸如温度、静态和动态预压及导爆索支线等变量来确定The shock pressure loss is related to the explosive's detonation prepressure, which can be estimated by knowing the density and detonation velocity of the explosive. Therefore, the SLF for a test explosive can be experimentally determined by introducing in the test certain additional variables, such as temperature,static and dynamic pre-compression and detonating cord downline
冲击波对体的作用action of shock waves on human bodies
况且、爆破员不可假设在同一作业中新一轮爆破与之前其他轮爆破状态都一样Furthermore, a blaster should not assume that a fresh shot being fired will behave like other shots previously fired at the same operation
准许进admission
减轻某的痛苦abate sb.'s pain
地表与台阶以及台阶与台阶之间的运输沟道main access
cut
digging angle
初始射角initial incidence angle
pierce 的现在分词piercing
added
加大对农业的投就是直接加固国民经济的基础The augmentation of investment in agriculture is a direct consolidating of the basis of national economy
加载速度输velocity loading input wave
包销underwriters
操作on-man operation
即便在爆破完全封闭且岩石没有破碎的情况下、穿行在岩层的压力脉冲会继续向前进大气Pressure pulses traveling through the rock continue onward into the atmosphere even when the blast is completely confined and the rock is not broken
历史属于文学科History belongs with humanities
槽模式铵油炸药装载机pressure pot type ANFO loader
发起prime mover
管理in the charge of
受事故牵连的每个都受到警方的盘问Everyone concerned in the accident was questioned by the police
古怪的eccentric
同情心虽说是类的特有情感、但铁石心肠的人不具有这种情感Sympathy, which is a feeling characteristic of mankind, is not found in those with marble hearts
同等的或物coordinator
同等的或物coordinate
向示威的群发射橡皮子弹fire rubber bullets at the demonstrating crowd
intake
吸引absorbing
唯有近来建立的这个破碎模型才在爆破行业内广为们接受Only this recent fragment model has won general acceptance across the blasting industry
在场的都为他们的人身安全忧虑People present are all concerned about their personal safety
在敌炮火下under fire
在时间的长河里,生犹如燃烧的蜡烛或短途旅行A person's life is often compared to a burning candle or a trip in the stream of time
在过去的几十年里、们对飞石现象进行了大量的实验研究和理论研究Much experimental and theoretical work about flyrock phenomena has been performed in the past decades
备用换班backshift
天然产品通常是环保型的、工制品有时并非如此Natural products are usually environment-friendly, while artifacts sometimes are not
如果岩石碎片抛到容许的范围之外、就会造成员伤亡和财产损坏These rock fragments result in human injuries, fatalities and structure damages when they are thrown beyond the allowable limits
安全爆破距离是指抛掷的碎片不会越出预定的范围、对周围和物不造成伤害的最小距离A safe blasting distance is the minimum distance beyond which the throw of fragments does not affect the surroundings significantly
仅靠父亲挣来的微薄的工资过活All the family members depend only on the meager salary earned by the father for a living
友好的outgoing
高程测量确定作业区水准基点高程的测量工作elevation transfer survey
将…刺人stab
将某交给警方give sb. in charge
岩石爆破中由飞石造成的身危险及财产损失,自采用爆破技术以来,一直是个严重问题Danger and damage from flyrock in rock blasting has been a serious problem ever since blasting was introduced
岩石爆破文献记录了 20 世纪下半叶们以爆破手段预测破岩而不断付出的努力Rock blasting literature documents sustained attempts over the latter half of the 20th century to predict the fragmentation of rock by blasting
embed 的过去式和过去分词形式embedded
式延时雷管built-in delay detonator
式的embedded
in-line
的赔偿/雇主责任worker's compensation/employers liability
工业机器具有能自动控制的手臂和移动功能,是以实现自动化为目的,代替人进行各种工作的机械industrial robot
差强意的adequate
2005 年地球口猛增到65亿The population of the earth exploded to 6.5 billion in 2005
年收annual income
广为们接受general acceptance
建议采用以总的碳含量为基础的初始标准法、以避免理想爆轰法规的局限性和为条例In this regard, recommendations are made to adopt an initial standard approach based on total carbon content, avoiding limitations and artifacts of ideal detonation codes
开启的opener
向上的elevating
注意absorbing
引起轰动的或物dynamite product types
强行注forced injection
当事the parties persons concerned
当家中有生病、家人都显示出关怀体贴When a family member falls ill, all the others show considerate concern
很多实地操作员把这种求导岩石系数的方法广泛应用于爆破剂破岩研究之中、并证明应用这种方法可以合理地估算所需的爆破强度以及诸多爆破环境下岩石的最终平均过筛粒度This approach to the derivation of rock factors has been used by many field operators in a wide range of blasting and fragmentation studies and has been shown to lead to a reasonable estimate of the required blasting intensity and the resulting mean passing size in a wide range of blasting environments
很多西方把耶稣比作他们心中的太阳Many westerners compare Jesus Christ to the sun in their hearts
得自他reflected
tremendous
房间里所有的room
承保abandonee
承购underwriters
把…作为因素计人factor
把…开人沟ditch
把…装人箱case 的 ing 形式casing
投反对票的non
投稿contribute
拥挤的crush
挪威Norwegian
挪威Norwegian
捐款contribute
损失控制代理loss control representative
撰稿contribute
操作员不必考虑敏化这种混合炸药The two advantages of glass microbubbles are the operator does not need to be concerned with sensitizing the mix and the head pressure of the column of explosive and water does not change the density of the composition
receipting
文丘里压pressure pot with venturi type
无足轻重的lightweight
昨天证在法庭上向律师提供详细信息The lawyer was primed by a witness at court yesterday
最近几十年、由于二氧化碳及其他温室气体的大量排放、们关切的全球变暖问题敦促诸多工业调研和实施减少气体排放的标准Global warming concerns due to large quantities of emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases GHGs in recent decades are driving many industries to investigate and implement emissions reductions
建议、用炸药里碳的总含量来作为确定爆炸时的温室气体排量的基础It is proposed that the total carbon content of the explosive should be used as the basis for GHG determinations from detonation
证明使用这种破碎带模型、遇到各种岩石和爆破环境时、能可靠地估算过筛直径为1mm 碎岩的比例The crushed zone model has been shown to provide a realistic estimate of the proportion of fragments passing 1 mm for a wide variety of materials and blasting situations
说吸烟是引发心脏病的祸首Smoking is believed to be the prime cause of heart disease
有价值的或物asset
有安全意识的立法员久久期盼不用炸药的采矿环境Safety conscious legislators have long held a vision of an explosives-free mining environment
有安全意识的采矿操作safety conscious mine operator
有惊之举set the Thames on fire
有感个的能力不堪胜任feel one's ability inadequate to this case
有潜在危险的dynamite product types
服从是军的天职Armymen are bound in occupation to obey
未亡relict
本组织为残疾做了很多有价值的事情This organization has rendered many valuable services on the behalf of the disabled
机械能输machinery energy input
机械般工作的robot
杨氏等的模型杨氏等人的模型认为,岩石中裂纹的起裂与扩展是由延展应变〈extensional strain〉决定的,当岩石中某点的延展应变大于某临界值时,原有裂纹起裂、扩展。延展应变定义为岩石中某点的主拉应变〈tensile strain〉、对数应变之和Young et al's model
标准贯试验在土层钻孔中,利用重63. 5kg 的锤击贯人器,根据每贯人30cm所需锤击数来判断土的性质,估算土层强度的一种动力触探试验standard penetration test
核保underwriters
根据实际情况和计算药量、参照成功的有可比性的工程、确定药包个数、药量、布置位置、水深度和起爆顺序design procedure of water pressure blasting
embedded
wedging
模仿他derivative
正是涌大气的爆生气体、其最后的合成、其实难以准确定论The exact final composition of detonation gases emitted to atmosphere is actually difficult to determine with certainty
coyote
毁坏某的名誉blast sb.'s reputation
每年产量O.M.Y.
每个all
每项新的技术发现或发明对类都大有益处Any new technical discovery or invention is bound to be of great service to mankind
injected
防爆剂antidetonate injection
活跃的active
feed
消息灵通士提供的资料data contributed by well-informed personages
leaked
深度depth of penetration
炮孔输压力函数input pressure function in the blasthole
炸药与岩体的关系被认为是单位炸药消耗量、爆破员可用来作为确定岩体中炸药分布的总指标The relationship between the explosive and the rock mass is known as the powder factor and can be used by the blaster as a general guideline for determining explosive distribution in the rock mass
然而、必须注意的是、不管什么生物燃料、其所谓的碳中和性的程度、则随着这种植物的种植、施肥、收割、运输和加工方法、以及能量输要求的变化而变化It must be noted, however, that the extent of so-called" carbon neutrality"of any biofuel varies according to the crop cultivation fertilization,harvesting, transport and processing methods and energy input requirements
然而、必须注意的是、不管什么生物燃料、其所谓的碳中和性的程度、则随着这种植物的种植、施肥、收割、运输和加工方法、以及能量输要求的变化而变化It must be noted, however, that the extent of so-called" carbon neutrality"of any biofuel varies according to the crop cultivation fertilization, harvesting, transport and processing methods and energy input requirements
爆破负责爆破的技术人员。也是通过考核并得到专家认可,具备了从事爆破工作资质的爆破技术人员。参见 shotfirerblaster
爆破员务必要估计出飞石自爆炸点可能行走的最大距离A blaster must make an estimate of the maximum possible distance flyrock could travel from a shot
爆破员在采矿及建筑拆除爆破过程中所面临的一个最大难题、是准确算岀爆破安全区的范围One of the greatest challenges, which a blaster faces in mining and contruction blasting, is to accurately determine the bounds of the blast safety area
爆破员安全培训blast crew security training
爆破员应该始终遵循炸药厂家所推荐的起爆程序、以确保所用炸药的最大爆速Blasters should always ensure a maximum velocity of the explosives to be used by following the priming procedures recommended by the explosives manufacturers
爆破员负责blaster-in-charge responsibility
爆破作业指从事爆破工作的工程技术人员、爆破员、安全员、保管员和押运员,参见 blasting personnelpersonals engaged in blasting operations
爆破作业指从事爆破工作的工程技术人员、爆破员、安全员、保管员 o 参见 personals engaged in blasting operationsblasting personnel
爆破喷泄的气体渗与炮孔轴线垂直的裂缝面、将岩石破碎后抛向空中G-venting from the blast penetrates the fracture planes perpendicular to the hole axis and breaks the rocks up and propels them up to the air
爆破安全检查shot inspector
爆破安全检查shot examiner
爆破技术负责爆破的技术人员。也是通过考核并得到专家认可,具备了从事爆破工作资质的爆破技术人员。参见 blastershot-firer
特工员发现危险情况后从院子里冲岀去At the sight of danger, special agents exploded out of the courtyard
环保environmentalist
环保士批评政府对水质污染的不作为Environmentalists often blast the government far its inaction about water pollution
现代医学把心脏比作水泵、有助于们理解心脏的功能In its comparison of the heart to a pump, modem medicine helps people understand its function
现场爆破field blaster
用机器代替displacement of human power by machinery
用耙子耙的raker
由于很多缺席会议、有关问题没有形成决议Due to the absence of many from the meeting, no resolution was formed over the relevant issues
由收件付款地collect
由收件付款的collect
jack
loader
相配的或物match
矿山工程mine engineering personnel
确定输definite input
禁止out of
离开正路的aberrant
lump
经理主管executive
结合将爆破规程中列出的效果进行量化的输数据、就能评估基本的爆破释放物和天气影响的共同作用When combined with inputs that quantify the effects of blasting specifications,the combined effect of basic blast emission and meteorological effects can be evaluated
深刻印象effective
给某加以莫须有的罪名make a false charge against somebody
老年爬到山顶后、十之八九气喘吁吁In nine out of ten cases, old people puff and blow after a mountain climb
联系在一起。或物连接或联系起来link
聚集在某的周围cluster
能量输和分布energy input and distribution
脾气暴躁的an explosive person
自然规律不以的意志起作用The law of nature acts in ways independent of man's will
药包水深度即药包置于水中的深度depth of a charge in water
虽说他20世纪是个无足轻重的工程技术员、但在炸药乳化制作方面却有至关重要的发现Although as an insignificant engineering technician last century, he made a significant discovery in the making of explosive emulsion
胶囊encapsulated
装有嵌式延时雷管的连接器早在20世纪50年代已付诸使用、借此进行程序复杂的延时爆破设计Connectors with built-in delay detonators, allowing the design of complex delay shots, became available as early as the 1950s
规定的输assigned input value
计算机输输出设备由输人设备和输出设备组成computer input device/output device
认证爆破技术通过政府机关认证具有准备、实施和管理爆破作业资格的爆破员certified blaster
训练有素的爆破well-trained blaster
论及工制品、一般要考虑所谓的自始至终的生命周期Generally, for manufactured products a so-called Cradle-to-Grave life cycle is considered
证券包销underwriters
证券经纪underwriters
评价valuer
评比valuer
谁都不愿意且没有义务与懒合作No one is willing or bound to cooperate with a lazy person
调查investigator
负责director
仓库warehouse
洞穴earth
越来越多的关心自身的环境问题More and more people concerning themselves with environmental problems
程序loader
压缩波incoming compression wave
设备将待输人的各种形式的信息转换成适宜于计算机处理的信息,并送人计算机的设备。输人设备可分为两类:采用媒体输人的设备及交互输人设备input device
过去的十年、为了让二氧化碳在大气中的含量稳定在550 * 10⁻⁶、有呼吁采取极端的行动Calls for drastic action have bee made within the last decade in order to achieve stabilization of CO₂ levels at around 550 ppm twice the preindustrial era levels
近来、们把研究的重点大多放在破碎曲线的细端、以探索爆破的潜力、因为爆破的结果会影响到含金属矿石随后的粉碎和加工制造过程More recent focus has been provided on the finer end of the fragmentation curve to explore the potential of blasting to influence the subsequent crushing and nulling performance of metalliferous ores
这个问题看上去对很多异常重要、但对新的工作委员会来说可能是小事一桩This problem, which is seemingly important to many others, is likely to be a minor concern to the new working committee
这些往往会因为微不足道的琐事而大发雷霆These guys tend to explode at any moment over the least thing
这些令振奋的爆破业绩是通过炸药供应商、矿业集团、研究组织和政府部门之间的合作取得的These encouraging blasting results have come about through cooperation between explosives suppliers, mining groups, research organizations and government departments over more than twenty years
这部小说讲的是有个受冤下狱的前前后后This storybook concerns a man who was wrongly imprisoned
这项发明是类利用太阳能的巨大贡献This invention is much contribution to mankind in utilizing solar energy
逃走的runaway
通常我们不在名前加定冠词Usually, we do not precede a person's name with the definite article
是雇佣侦探的典型That fellow is a prime detective hired
keyboard
钻头吃岩层bit-in
钻头吃深度bit penetration
间接介indirect intervention
防止为失误措施人失误的表现形式多种多样,产生原因非常复杂,因此防止人失误是一件非常困难的事情。从安全的角度,可以从3个阶段采取措施防止人失误: 1. 控制、减少可能引起人失误的各种原因因素,防止出现人失误。 2. 在一旦发生了人失误的场合,使人失误不至于引起事故,即使人失误无害化。 3. 在人失误引起了事故的情况下,限制事故的发展、减小事故损失preventive measure of human error
防止为失误的管理措施1. 根据工作任务的要求选择合适的人员。 2. 推行标准化作业,通过教育、训练提高人员的知识、技能水平。 3. 合理地安排工作任务,防止发生疲劳和使人员的心理紧张度最优。 4. 树立良好的企业风气,建立和谐的人际关系,调动职工的安全生产积极性management measures of human error prevention
阶段工崩落induced block
绝境corner
随着进老年,我的老师近几年变化很大My teacher has change-ed much in recent years as his old age comes
难对付的hard nut to crack
雷管插cap inserting
露天爆破作业产生的飞石已对工作员和居民造成严重伤亡、所以这是爆破人员始终关切的重大事情之一Flyrock from surface blasting operations has caused serious injury and death to employees and habitants,and it is always known as one of the major concerns far the blasters
非常挂念灾区show much concern about the people in the affected area
非熟练专业green hand
非熟练专业greenhorn
靠广告收commercial
项目手欠缺inadequate project staffing
顽固不化的fossil
高过头的炮孔header