see ho this site http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Academic_rank describes it (besides look through country-specific peculiarities with respect to professorships - might help to depict the situation more understandably for the recipient of the translation, whoever it is):
Russia
Administrative positions:Rector (ректор)
Provost (Первый проректор)
Vice-rectors (Academic, Research, Financial, Foreign Activity)
Dean (декан)
Associate Deans (Academic, Research)
Chair (head) of a department (заведующий кафедрой)
Head of Administrative Departments
On a par with Rector, some universities has President Position, but it’s usually honored position. Academic department heads and chairs serve the same function, and there may also be associate and assistant department heads or chairs (though this is unusual). The term "Department Head" usually indicates the administrator is elected to the post by the faculty of the department, while the term "Department Chair" usually means the person is appointed by the dean without election by the faculty. Academic degrees: Doctor of Science, Dr. of Sc. (the highest degree)
Candidate of Science, Cand. of Sc. (like PhD), usually earned after three years of research
Master Degree, usually earned after six years of academics (4 years undergraduate studies and 2 years graduate studies)
Specialist (e.g. Diploma in Engineering), usually earned after Bachelor plus one year of specialization
Bachelor, usually earned after four years of undergraduate studies
The main difference Russian educational system is: There are two degree (Dr. of Sc. and Cand. of Sc.). Usually standard PhD is close to Cand. of Sc. However, if you have PhD and a lot of books, huge academic experience, many published research results, you have a chance to hold the certificate that your PhD equals Dr. of Sc. Also each degree (Cand. and Dr.) is divided into majors. PhD means specialist from any major (excepting medicine) is called Doctor of Philosophy. In Russian educational system the following variety of degree: Doctor/Candidate of Engineering Science
Doctor/Candidate of Physical-Mathematical Science
Doctor/Candidate of Biological Science
Doctor/Candidate of Medical Science
Doctor/Candidate of Economical Science
Doctor/Candidate of Juridical (Law) Science
Etc.''
Academic positions: Professor (Full Professor), usually Doctor of Sc.
Associate Professor (dozent, доцент), usually Cand. of Sc.
Lecturer - time divided equally between research and teaching (it can be both Professor or Dozent)
Senior instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")
Instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")
Assistant Professor (usually doctoral student of Cand. of Sc.)
Research Assistant (research technicians, lab managers, and related personnel are generally regarded as administrative staff rather than faculty).
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