Лев HI(Pope from 795 to 816. He confirmed the dogmatic correctness of the Filioque clause introduced into the Nicene Creed; but, because that clause had always been rejected by the Eastern churches, Leo, in the interest of peace with the Greeks, urged that the creed should not be chanted in the public liturgy); Лев IV(Pope from 847 to 855 who rebuilt Rome after it had been sacked by the Saracens in 846 and fortified the city to protect it against future attacks. In church affairs, he took a firm hand against abuses by important ecclesiastics); Лев V(Pope from July to September 903 who assumed the pontificate in a dark period of papal history. He was deposed and imprisoned by the antipope Christopher); Лев VI(Pope from May to December 928. His principal act was the regulation of the jurisdiction of the hierarchy in Dalmatia); Лев VII(Pope from 936 to 939 who encouraged reform of the German clergy and forbade Archbishop Frederick of Mainz to enforce the conversion of Jews to Christianity, yet at the same time allowed him to expel all Jews who would not embrace Christianity); Лев VIII(Pope, or antipope, from 963 to 965. Some scholars regard Leo as an antipope until after the Holy Roman emperor Otto I the Great compelled his acceptance. Others consider either Leo or Benedict V as antipopes); Лев IX(Head of the medieval Latin Church -1049-54 - during whose reign the papacy became the focal point of western Europe, and the great East-West Schism of 1054 became inevitable); Лев X(One of the most extravagant of the Renaissance Popes - reigned 1513-21 - who made Rome a centre of European culture and raised the papacy to significant political power in Europe); Лев XI(Pope from April 1-27, 1605. Elected to succeed Clement VIII on April 1, 1605, he died within the month); Лев XII(Pope from 1823 to 1829 who condemned indifferentism and Freemasonry, and also revived the practice of holding jubilees, periodic observances in which all the faithful are invited to prayer and works of charity and penance for the sanctification of themselves and the world); Лев XIII(Pope from 1878 to 1903 who brought a new spirit to the papacy, manifested in more conciliatory positions toward civil governments, by care taken that the church not be opposed to scientific progress and by an awareness of the pastoral and social needs of the times)
Leo Pope from 440 to 461, master exponent of papal supremacy. His pontificate was devoted to safeguarding orthodoxy and to securing the unity of the Western church under papal supremacy['li:əu]נ
